ABU
MUSLIM
Abu
Muslim - Zoroastrian Enigma
Was Abu Muslim a Closet Zoroastrian? :
Abu Muslim is a general who was responsible for overthrowing the
Arab caliphate that overthrew the Zoroastrian Sassanian empire.
He did this by supporting the Abbasids in their bid to overthrow
the Umayyad Caliphate.
Some
authors speculate that Abu Muslim Khorasani was a closet Zoroastrian
all along and that once his position was strong enough, he would
have eventually moved against the Abbasids. The suggestion is that
he worked within the system rather than against it. This speculation
is fuelled by Khorasani having had a Zoroastrian priest Sunpadh
(Sonbad/Sinbad?) as an advisor.
Abu
Muslim's true allegiances and his sympathies towards are difficult
to decipher. One the one hand, he encouraged Zoroastrians including
Sunpadh to convert to Islam. On the other hand, after his death,
the converted Sunpadh, as well as others close to the general, quickly
shed all pretence of being Muslims. According to Islamic writers,
after the murder of Abu Muslim, Sunpadh declared that his goal was
to destroy the Kaba in Mecca.
Muslimiyya :
The words Muslimiyya or Khurramiyya are the Arabic equivalent to
Muslimite or Khurramite. The word Muslim in this context does not
refer to the Islamic community but followers of Abu Muslim.
Abu
Muslim's assassination motivated the launch of several rebellions
against the Arabs, some by new nationalistic Zoroastrian-based sects
with syncretic doctrines designed to counter the popular appeal
of an egalitarian Islam. These sects venerated the memory of Abu
Muslim claiming that he would return as a saviour against Arab oppression.
The sects that specifically thought of Abu Muslim as an imam, prophet,
Mahdi or even an incarnation of the divine were called the Muslimiyya.
According to Brill's Encyclopaedia of Islam, "many heresiographers
fully identify the Khurramiyya with the Muslimiyya. ...Abu Hatim's
statement that the Rizamiyya belonged to the Khurramiyya is to be
understood in the same sense, for he and some other sources explain
this name as meaning the radical, anti-Abbasid followers of Abu
Muslim.
All
this makes it a viable possibility that Abu Muslim exhorted others
especially those around him to become nominal Muslims at best in
order to work within the system until an opportune moment when they
could assert their Iranian identity and religion which was so closely
tied to Iranian soil. It stands to reason, that it would not have
served his or their purpose if his loyalties to Islam were suspect,
or if he surrounded himself with Zoroastrians. One of the groups
Sunpadh worked with were the Khurramdins, a Zoroastrian-based sect.
Abu Taher al-Maqdisi in his Kitab ul-bad wa-al-Tarikh (Book of Creation
and of History) calls the Khurammite sect the sect that eventually
that mounted the most serious challenge to Arab rule - "Mazdaeans
(Zoroastrians) ... who cover themselves under the guise of Islam".
Abu Muslim (c 700-755) :
Abu Muslim Khorasani may have been born in Merv or Isfahan either
in 718-19 or 723-27. According to some sources Abu Muslim's original
name was Behzadan (cf. Mojmal al-Tawarik at p. 315) and that his
father's name prior to his conversion to Islam was Vandad Hormoz.
[Other Arab history writers make him a descendant of Godarz and
the vizier Bozorgmehr.] These names strongly suggest a Zoroastrian
connection which is very likely given that Abu Muslim was born about
50 years after the Arab (Umayyad) invasion of Iran.
The
story of Abu Muslim begins with the Muslim world's discontent with
the Umayyad Caliphate, the Caliphate that consolidated the Arab
conquest of Iran.
Abu Muslim's Introduction to the Abbasids :
Whatever his name at birth, Abu Muslim (Moslem) received his pseudonym
from the Abbasid imam Ebrahim when he joined the Abbasid cause and
was made responsible for its propaganda in Khorasan. In the process,
Abu Muslim, was befriended by al-Abbas, a member of the Abbasid
family (Ebrahim's brother?) and soon-to-become first Abbasid caliph
of the Arab empire. As-Saffah, or Abu al-Abbas as-Saffah (as-Saffah
was a reign name meaning 'shedder of blood'), claimed to be a descendant
of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, an uncle who - Findlay Dunachie,
a book critic claims - "never actually became a Muslim himself
and was assumed to have gone to hell."
In
becoming the supporter of an Arab faction, Abu Muslim became a mawali,
a client of the Arabs, an herein lies the enigma. Was this a political
ploy to work from within the Arab system and dismantle it from within
or was Abu Muslim a true mawali (the term mawali is used by Indian
Zoroastrians as a put down (of even other Zoroastrians) who they
believe are behaving in an uncouth manner)? In Zoroastrian eyes
simply naming Abu Muslim as a mawali is a pejorative.
Abbasid Revolt :
While discontent against the autocratic, opulent and discriminatory
rule of the Umayyad's was growing, as-Saffah sought Iranian Shia
support for his claim to the caliphate and to this end, he declared
himself a Shia (but later reverted to being a Sunni when he became
caliph).
As-Saffah's
redoubled his efforts to become a caliph of the Arab empire with
the death of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 743.
Upon al-Malik's death, at as-Saffah's behest Abu Muslim started
an insurrection based out of Khorasan.
The
Abbasid wore black clothing and carried black flags, perhaps as
a claim to being the Mahdi's forces of justice and judgment.
Abu Muslim's Military Victories :
Abu Muslim's military victories started with him seizing control
of Merv between December 747 and January 748. In 749, Nehavand,
the western Iranian city which had witnessed the 'fath al-fotuh',
the Arab victory over the Persians a century earlier in 642, now
became the site of the Arab's defeat at the hands of the Iranian
Abu Moslem's generals and supporters. Abu's forces went on to defeat
the Umayyads in Iraq, the land in which the Arabs had initially
defeated the Sassanian Persian armies. They arrived at Kufa, Iraq,
freed as-Saffah who was in 'protective' custody, took Baghdad, and
then installed as-Saffah as caliph in 750 CE.
Abu Muslim's Popularity & Power :
As-Saffah's success in coming to power and his ability to stay in
power was because of Abu Muslim's able command and leadership of
the Abbasid armies. Abu Muslim was popular with the people and had
the ability to take the caliphate for himself. However, the Iranian
was of the wrong pedigree, and had to content himself with remaining
a general and the power behind the throne - at least for the time
being.
Abu
Muslim had achieved his military victories while he had stayed on
in Khorasan as its absolute ruler. While based in Khorasan, his
power extended to the entire empire as it came under the command
of his forces. Such was his power, that his patron as-Saffah, the
new installed Abbasid caliph, felt obliged to consult the general
before executing Abu Salama, vizier. (There is a report that as-Saffah
invited other remaining members of the Umayyad family to a dinner
where he had them clubbed to death before the first course.) As-Saffah
therefore despatched his brother Mansur to receive Abu Muslim's
approval for Abu Salama's execution. Abu Muslim not only gave his
approval, he also sent a confidant to carry out the murder.
Another
example of Abu Muslim's power was when as-Saffah sent a relative
to take over the governorship of Fars, the hapless appointee was
almost executed because he had arrived without Abu Muslim's consent.
Mansur Fears Abu Muslim :
The extraordinary power Abu Muslim yielded was inevitably his downfall.
Mansur warned his brother as-Saffah that the latter would never
truly be the caliph as long as the omnipresent and omnipotent Abu
Moslem was alive. Mansur advocated Abu Muslim's arrest and execution.
Perhaps Mansur was fearful of Abu Mansur's popularity and how he
was perceived as a leader. Perhaps he had somehow divined Abu Muslim's
ambitions or perhaps the potential for Abu Muslim to move against
the Abbasids.
Abu Muslim's Murder / Assassination :
The now ailing Al-Saffah did not, however, move against his general.
Mansur would soon have the opportunity to take matters into his
own hands, for in 754 as-Saffah succumbed to small-pox leaving the
caliphate to his brother Mansur. In an act of deception, Mansur
invited Abu Moslem to his palace ostensibly to receive honours,
but upon Abu's arrival had him relieved of his sword, read out a
litany of misdeeds, and had him assassinated in his presence. So
died Abu Muslim Khorasani, the Iranian who was an ally of an Arab,
755 at the age of 37. Mansur ordered Khorasani's mutilated body
to be thrown into the Tigris.
Abu Muslim Puts Down Behafarid's Rebellion :
While Abu Muslim's forces were defeating the Umayyads, Khorasani
put down a peasant rebellion led by Bihafarid (Behafarid) who some
authors feel was a Zoroastrian heretic who had angered the Zoroastrian
priestly establishment. Apparently, Abu Muslim received Zoroastrian
support - as well as Sunpadh's support - in crushing the Behafarid
movement. If the Behafarid story is true, then it is a very unfortunate
incident in Zoroastrian history. Zoroastrians had learnt nothing
from their dismal divisions during the closing years of the Sassanian
regime. This was their darker hour yet, for Zoroastrians were now
set against Zoroastrians.
This
sad episode stands as an object lesson for Zoroastrians, about the
great harm and divisions that charismatic self-styled prophets and
so-called reformers can cause to the religion and community, for
leadership struggles aside, it set ordinary Zoroastrians against
each another.
Islamization of Iran Gathers Momentum :
Another Zoroastrian-based sect leader who attracted Behafarid's
followers was Ustadh Sis. He too launched an armed rebellion against
the Islamic regime only be be captured and executed in 768. With
Ustad Sis's execution, Zoroastrian Khorasani rebellion against the
Arabs and their Islamist heirs lost it vigour and the Islamization
of Eastern Iran gathered great momentum.
Source
:
http://www.heritageinstitute.com/
zoroastrianism/history/abumuslim.htm