KHAFAJAH
![](khafajah.jpg)
Khafajah
shown within Iraq
Alternative
name :
Khafaje
Location
: Diyala Province, Iraq
Region
:
Mesopotamia
Coordinates
:
33°21'16.83 N 44°33'20.71 E
Type
:
tell
Khafajah
or Khafaje (ancient Tutub) is an archaeological site in Diyala Province
(Iraq). It was part of the city-state of Eshnunna. The site lies
7 miles (11 km) east of Baghdad and 12 miles (19 km) southwest of
Eshnunna.
History
of archaeological research :
Khafajah was excavated for 7 seasons in the early 1930s primarily
by an Oriental Institute of Chicago team led by Henri Frankfort
with Thorkild Jacobsen and Pinhas Delougaz. For two seasons, the
site was worked by a joint team of the American Schools of Oriental
Research and the University of Pennsylvania.
Khafajah
and its environment :
Khafajah lies on the Diyala River, a tributary of the Tigris. The
site consists of four mounds, labeled A through D. The main one,
Mound A, extends back as far as the Uruk period and contained an
oval temple, a temple of the god Sin, not surely and a temple of
Nintu. The Dur-Samsuiluna fort was found on mounds B and C. Mound
D contained private homes and a temple for the god Sin where the
archive tablets where found in two heaps.
Occupation
history :
![](485px-Painted_ceramic_jar,_2800-2600_BCE,_Khafajah,_Sumer_EDII-III.jpg)
Scarlet
Ware pottery excavated in Khafajah. 2800-2600 BCE, Early Dynastic
II-III, Sumer. British Museum
Khafajah was occupied during the Early Dynastic Period, through
the Sargonid Period, then came under the control of Eshnunna after
the fall of the Ur III Empire. Later, after Eshnunna was captured
by Babylon, a fort was built at the site by Samsu-iluna of the First
Babylonian dynasty and named Dur-Samsuiluna. Mesopotamian chariots
were created in Tutub.
Ruler |
Sumerian
Ruling House |
Abdi-Erah |
Proposed
regin : circa 1820 BC
Notes
:
Ruler
of Eshnunna, Contemporary of Sumu-abum of Babylon |
Adi-madar |
Notes
: Ruler of Eshnunna |
Sumina-arim |
|
Iku-pi-Sin |
|
Isme-bali |
|
Tattanum |
Notes
: Contemporary of Belakum of Eshnunna |
Hammi-dusur |
Reign
in days : circa 1800 BC
Reign
in years : Contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon |
Warassa |
Ruler
of Eshnunna |
|
Material
culture :
The history of Khafajah is known in somewhat more detail for a period
of several decades as a result of the discovery of 112 clay tablets
(one now lost) in a temple of Sin. The tablets constitute part of
an official archive and include mostly loan and legal documents.
The Oriental Institute of Chicago holds 57 of the tablets with the
remainder being in the Iraq Museum. Some Early Dynastic Sumerian
statues from Khafajah are on the Oriental Institute's list of Lost
Treasures from Iraq (after April 9, 2003); however, they have been
housed at the Sulaymaniyah Museum since 1961 (see the gallery below).
Gallery
:
The Iraq Museum's Sumerian Gallery displays several Sumerian statues
from the Temple of Sin and the Temple of Nintu (V and VI), including
part of a hoard found at the Nintu Temple.
![](544px-Statue_from_Khafajah,_Iraq_Museum.jpg)
Female
worshiper, Sin Temple, Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](399px-Statue_from_Khafajah,_female_worshiper.jpg)
Female
worshiper, Sin Temple, Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](400px-Statue_from_Khafajah.jpg)
Statue
from the Sin Temple, Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](555px-Seated_male_statue_from_the_Temple_of_Sin_at_Khafajah.jpg)
Statue
from the Temple of Sin at Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](421px-Seated_male_figure_from_the_hoard_of_Nintu_Temple_V_at_Khafajah.jpg)
Statue
from the Hoard of Nintu Temple V at Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](405px-Statue_from_the_hoard_of_Nintu_Temple_V_at_Khafajah.jpg)
Statue
from the Hoard of Nintu Temple V at Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](387px-Male_statue_from_Hoard_in_Nintu_Temple_V,_Khafajah.jpg)
Male
statue from Hoard in Nintu Temple V at Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](417px-Statue_from_Nintu_Temple_VI_at_Khafajah.jpg)
Statue
from Nintu Temple VI at Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](443px-Male_statuette,_Nintu_Temple_VI,_Khafajah,_Iraq.jpg)
Male
statuette, Nintu Temple VI, Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](400px-Male_Statuette_from_Sin_Temple_IX,_Khafajah,_Iraq.jpg)
Male
statuette, Sin Temple IX, Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](Male_Statuette_from_Nintu_Temple,_Khafajah,_Iraq.jpg)
Male
statuette, Nintu Temple VI, Khafajah, Iraq Museum
![](450px-Woman_head_Khafaje_Louvre_AO24790.jpg)
Limestone
human head found at Khafajah, Early Dynastic II (c. 2700 BC)
![](459px-Jemdet_Nasr_cylinder_seal_2.jpg)
Cylinder
seal found at Khafajah, Jemdet Nasr period, (3100 – 2900 BC)
![](640px-Three_Sumerian_statues,_Early_Dynastic_Period,_2900-2350_BCE,_from_Khafajah,_Iraq._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum.jpg)
Three
Sumerian statues, Early Dynastic Period, 2900 - 2350 BCE, from Khafajah,
Iraq. The Sulaymaniyah Museum
![](503px-Head_of_a_Sumerian_female,_from_Khafajah,_excavated_by_the_Oriental_Institute,_Early_Dynastic_III,_c._2400_BCE._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum.jpg)
Head
of a Sumerian female, from Khafajah, excavated by the Oriental Institute,
Early Dynastic III, c. 2400 BCE. The Sulaymaniyah Museum
![](488px-Headless_statue_of_a_Sumerian_man,_from_Khafajah,_Early_Dynastic_Period,_2900-2350_BCE._The_Sulaymaniyah_Museum.jpg)
Headless
statue of a Sumerian man, from Khafajah, Early Dynastic Period,
2900 - 2350 BCE. The Sulaymaniyah Museum
Source
:
https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Khafajah