c.2300
BC :
Some
time after this point, Luwian-speakers settle in southern Anatolia,
to the south of the (probably indigenous) Hatti. The Luwians are
Indo-Europeans of the South Indo-European group - generally agreed
to have been the first group to migrate out of the original Indo-European
homeland to the north of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. The route
they have taken in their migration is open to interpretation (and
guesswork!), but a route through the Caucuses seems most likely,
followed by a more easterly route around the eastern shores of
the Caspian Sea.
Once
in the region of north-eastern Anatolia they will have settled
into a semi-nomadic existence for a couple of millennia, before
migrating westwards during an intense dry spell into Anatolia
itself and settling permanently from about 2300 BC onwards. Once
there, the Luwians form two major regional states, Arzawa and
Kizzuwatna (possibly a single state or region initially, which
only later divides into two states).
![](Map3000BC_full.jpg)
This
map attempts to illustrate in basic terms the separate paths taken
by the Luwians, Hittites, and Pala during their westwards migration
and their progress from proto-Anatolians to kingdom-builders
It
seems more than coincidental that 'barbarians from the north'
are causing problems in cities within Syria such as Ebla at the
same time as the Gutians are first mentioned. These are possible
Indo-European tribes who inhabit the Zagros Mountains. In the
same period, the Luwians are settling across southern Anatolia,
making it likely that one of these groups is responsible for probing
expeditions farther south. They could be testing the waters to
see whether territory could be acquired there.
c.165
- 1620 BC :
Under Hattusili,
heir to the Hittite throne of Kassura, the Hittites rapidly
defeat their competitors in central Anatolia. This is followed
up by the attack and destruction of several vassals of the Syrian
state of Yamkhad over a span of several years, extending their
own domains south into Syria to include Carchemish amongst others,
while in Amurru a local king is allowed to govern as a vassal.
Ebla is also destroyed, either by Hattusili or his son, while
apparent early dominance over Kizzuwatna may also date from
this period.
c.1600
BC :
Hurrians
begin migrating into Kizzuwatna from Urkesh and Nawar in this
period, settling in the coastal region of Adaniya. The state
of Kizzuwatna emerges from the 'land of Adaniya' (modern Adana)
near the coast during the dark age of this period. Its general
population may predominantly be Luwian, but it seems that Hurrians
integrate themselves into that population on an equal basis
rather than forming a new ruling elite.
![](Armenia_YilanlikaleCastle01_full.jpg)
Yilanlikale,
more colourfully known as Snake Castle, is east of Misis, on
the steep southern bank of the Ceyha, and is home to this Armenian
stronghold and Crusader castle, but the terrain offered similar
defensive qualities to the Kizzuwatnans
fl
c.1540s BC :
Pariyawatri
: Ruled? Involved in revolt against Hittite King Ammuna?
fl
c.1510s BC:
Ishputakhshu
/ Ishputashu / Išputahšu : Son. Suzerain of
Tarsus area. (New low chronology dating.)
late
16th cent BC :
Kizzuwatna
occupies a wide oval of territory between the Hittites to the
north and west, and the increasingly powerful state of Mitanni
to the south and east. Under the leadership of Išputahšu
(who bares a Hittite name rather than a Luwian one) the state
concludes a treaty with the weakened Hittites (with King Telipinu,
although some sources say Tudhaliya II (I) which, with the dating
used here, places that king at least fifty years later than
this event). Kizzuwatnan pottery around this time is fairly
primitive but, by the end of the fifteenth century BC or so,
it has spread to the neighbouring Ishuwan folk to dominate there
too.
fl
c.1500 BC :
Eheya
: Tied in with Hittite Tahurwaili, he may have ruled
Paddatisu
/ Paddatišu : Known only from a treaty with an unknown
Hittite king.
c.1490
BC :
Paddatisu
renews a treaty of peace with Hittite king Hantili II, having
previously agreed the same treaty with the Hittite king's predecessor,
Alluwamna. The Hittites are enduring a period of some difficulty
at the moment, not strong enough to be externally dominant,
while Kizzuwatna is virtually on a par in terms of organisation
and influence.
fl
c.1470s BC :
Pilliya
/ Pelliya : Signed treaty with Idrimi of Alakhtum.
c.1480
- 1475 BC :
Although
relations with the weakened Hittite king, Zidanta II, are initially
rocky, with both kingdoms grabbing territory from each other,
a new parity treaty is agreed between Zidanta and Pilliya -
the last between the two states.
![](Map1500BC_full.jpg)
A
short dark age followed the Hittite collapse and the creation
of power vacuums in Babylonia and Syria (caused by the Hittites)
during the sixteenth century BC
c.1470
BC :
Kizzuwatna
is in a weaker position in terms of relations with the expanding
state of Alakhtum. Pillya has to sign a treaty with its powerful
ruler, Idrimi, shortly before the increasingly powerful Mitanni
state (under Paratarna, although the sequence of rule in early
Mitanni is confused) conquers Kizzuwatna. With the state of
Ishuwa existing on Kizzuwatna's north-eastern border, the cities
of northern Syria are therefore rendered inaccessible to the
Hittite armies, except through the south-eastern Taurus passes.
unassura
/ Syunassura / Šunaššura I : Existence
debatable. Posited from a Hittite treaty.
fl
c.1460 BC :
Talzu
/ Talzush : Contemporary with Hittite Huzziya II.
fl
c.1430 - 1400 BC :
Sunassura
/ Syunassura / Šunaššura II : Hittite
vassal by c.1400 BC. Last king.
c.1430
BC :
Although
Ishuwa is defeated by the Hittite king, Tudhaliya II (I), that
state sides with Mitanni. Tudhaliya is unable to effect a conquest
of Ishuwa, so he successfully attacks Kizzuwatna instead.
c.1400
BC :
Sunassura
is a contemporary of the Hittite king, Tudhaliya II (I), and then
his successor, Arnuwanda I. Allegiance is shifted back to the
Hittites in this period, as the state becomes a battleground between
them and Mitanni, but Arnuwanda overruns and conquers the state,
making Sunassura a vassal.
c.1392
BC :
The Hittites
wrest control of the Assyrians from Mitanni, possibly annexing
the territory to Kizzuwatna along with the Mitanni capital,
which appears to fall briefly into Hittite hands. Governors
are placed in charge of Kizzuwatna after Sunassura's reign ends.
![](Mitanni_Warriros01_full.jpg)
Mitanni
warriors are shown here dressed in a typical northern Mesopotamian
costume which they most likely picked up following their arrival
in the region in the 1600s BC
fl
c.1390s? BC :
Kantuzili
: Hittite prince and possible (but uncertain) vassal
governor.
c.1370
BC :
Kizzuwatna
rebels against Hittite rule under the reign of Suppiluliuma I,
attempting to secede to Mitanni. Perhaps initially the revolt
proves to be successful, as Kizzuwatna has to be re-conquered
by the Hittites. Either before or after this, and relatively early
in his reign, Suppiluliuma places one of his sons, Telipinu, as
'priest of Kizzuwatna'. This is no ordinary priestly role, however.
Telipinu's duties are virtually those of a governor or sub-king
of a vassal state.
fl
c.1370s? BC :
Telipinu
/ Telepinush : Son of Hittite Suppiluliuma. Vassal governor
of Kizzuwatna.
c.1360s
BC :
Once Suppiluliuma
has reorganised Hittite control of northern Syria, Hittite princes
are placed on the throne of Alep as regional representatives
of the empire. Either this is not a permanent arrangement or
there are gaps in the record, but the first of them is Telipinu.
No further 'priests' of Kizzuwatna are known, suggesting either
a lack of records or a shift to more normal control by a regional
governor.
c.1300/1286
BC :
The state
supplies troops to various Hittite armies, including the one
which now fights against Egypt at the battle of Kadesh/Qadesh.
At some point in the late Hittite period, a people called the
Danuna settle in Adaniya (with a possible relation to the Danya).
This should be taken as a sign of the beginnings of the turmoil
that will grip the Near East in the thirteenth century BC.
c.1275
BC :
Pudu-Hepa
(Pudu?epa), formerly a Kizzuwatnan priestess, becomes Hittite
Hattusili III's queen upon his accession. A highly influential
figure of her time, she aids the integration of the Kizzuwatnan
pantheon into the Hittite equivalent, with the goddess Hebat
becoming very important.
![](Hittite_PuduHepa_01_full.jpg)
Puda-Hepa,
Hattusili III's queen (on the right), proved highly influential
in bringing Kizzuwatnan culture into the Hittite court in the
thirteenth century BC - only for everything the two of them
held dear to be swept away within two generations of their reign
c.1200
BC :
Decaying
from late in the thirteenth century BC, as Assyria rises and instability
grips the Mediterranean coast, the Hittite empire is looted and
destroyed by various surrounding peoples, including the Kaskans
and the Sea Peoples (and perhaps even selectively by its own populace).
Following
the fall of the Hittite empire, the region appears to fragment
to an extent, being settled in parts by Greeks from Pamphylia,
while other areas come under the control of neo-Hittite states.
Eventually, by the ninth century BC, the Kizzuwatnan city of Hattina
is occupied by Aramaeans to form a small state. By the eighth
century BC, two kingdoms emerge in the west of former Kizzuwatna:
Que and Khilikku, while Gurgum and Kummukhi emerge in the eastern
section, and Tabal exists to the north.
Source
:
https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/
KingListsMiddEast/
AnatoliaKizzuwatna.htm