LUKKA
AND LYCIA
Inhabited
since prehistory, by the fifteenth century BC the southern coast
of western Anatolia was home to the Lukka (or Luqqa). With Arzawa
to the north and Tarhuntassa to the east, they apparently formed
a minor state (or vassal region) of Arzawa, but may have been little
more than a confederation of tribes or minor states. The region
had no political power - no treaties with the Hittites are recorded
- and no Lukka king is ever named. However, they may have been expert
seafarers who made yearly attacks along the coast of Alashiya, as
well as frequently being involved in land-based attacks inside Anatolia.
The nearest relative to their language and that of their later Lycian
descendants was Indo-European Luwian, which was generally spoken
throughout Anatolia, but they left very few inscriptions. Most of
the region's settlements were along the coastline, away from the
extremely rugged interior (although some scholars doubt this location
for them and refuse even to link Lukka with later Lycia).
According
to Herodotus, later Classical Lycia was so-named because of Lycus,
the son of Pandion II of Athens after the kingdom was founded by
Sarpedon of Crete, implying a Cretan connection to the settlement
of western Anatolia. The Greeks give the earliest Lycians (or Lukka)
Greek names which of course they did not possess at this time, but
perhaps these people existed anyway, to be later altered by oral
tradition and changing languages. Either way, the Greek information
on Lukka-period kings should be used with caution.
c.2600
BC :
Sarpedon
: Brother of Minos of Crete in Greek mythology.
According to Greek mythology, Sarpedon conquers the region after
leaving Cilicia. The name of Lycia comes from his successor.
![Aegeus and the Oracle](Athens_AegeusOracle01_full.jpg)
The
brother of Lycus, King Aegeus of Athens consults the Oracle at Delphi
for advice
Lycus
: King, and son of Pandion II of Athens in Greek mythology.
c.2000/1700
BC :
Kukunnis
: Son
of Lukka.
The
name of Kukunnis (also the name of a king of Troy in the late fourteenth
century BC) can be found in hieroglyphs on the 'Byblos obelisk'
found in that city and dating from either 2000 BC or 1700 BC. It
has been identified (by Albright) as an authentic Lukkan name, but
just who Kukunnis is remains a mystery, although the Lukka are often
to be found operating as mercenaries.
c.1430s
BC :
To
the north of the Lukka, and regularly defeated by the Arzawan king,
a Hittite army is moved into Zippasla to provide a permanent garrison.
With the kingdom at last secure against Kupanta-Kurunta of Arzawa,
King Madduwattas apparently now decides that he is never again going
to suffer such indignities as his many defeats. When Dalawa (Tlawa
of the Lukka, classical Tlos) and Hinduwa rebel, Madduwattas suggests
to the Hittite army commander, Kisnapili, that he takes Hinduwa
while Madduwattas takes Dalawa. But while Kisnapili is on his way
to Hinduwa, Madduwattas allies himself to Dalawa and, with its help,
he ambushes and kills Kisnapili.
c.1375
BC :
The
Kaskans suffer the loss of their grain to locusts so, in search
of food, they join up with Hayasa-Azzi, Ishuwa, and the Lukka, as
well as other Hittite enemies. The devastation to the grain crops
may also have been suffered by others, making it not only easy to
get them all to unite but highly necessary, and the Hittites may
be taken by surprise by the sheer forcefulness of the attack. Recent
Hittite resurgence suffers a knock when their fort of Masat is burned
down, but then the capital, Hattusa, is itself attacked and burned.
This disaster personally weakens the position of the Hittite king
but seemingly does little to set back the Hittites themselves.
c.1370s
BC :
The Lukka are mentioned in the Armana letters from Egypt, in which
they are accused of attacking the Egyptians in conjunction with
the Alashiyans.
Iobates
/ Amphianax : King of Lycia in Greek mythology.
fl
c.1280s BC :
Iobates is the host of the exiled Bellerophon, and sends the latter
to kill the Chimera in Caria. The successful Bellerophon marries
the king's daughter and succeeds his father-in-law.
Bellerophon
the Corinthian : Son-in-law. King of Corinth.
fl
c.1230s? BC :
Hippolochus
c.1208
BC :
A body of Lukka take part in the Libyan-led attack on Egypt which
includes various Sea Peoples. Two hundred casualties are recorded
for the Lukka, a very small part of the overall number. Families
had accompanied the warriors, showing that this was not just a normal
raid, that they had been intent on settling there instead.
c.1200
BC :
The Hittite empire collapses, and the Lukka apparently re-emerge
as the Lycians.
Lycia
/ Lykia :
Lying to the west of Pamphylia, the 'bump' of Lycia juts out into
the Mediterranean Sea, almost literally pointing towards the island
of Cyprus. A Lycian state emerged here in the twelfth century BC
(according to legendary stories) and certainly by the sixth century
BC (according to historical sources). The state was bordered by
Caria to the west and north-west, and Pisidia to the north-east.
Known as Trm̃mis to the Lycians themselves, the name comes
from the region of Trm̃mili or Trimili (the modern village
of Dirmil stands in the same region). It may have been the Turmiriya
of the Persepolis tablets, the Tarmilaa of Babylon, and the Termilae
of the Greeks, while today it is Likya in modern Turkish. Lycia
should not be confused with its more powerful northerly neighbour,
Lydia, Historically-speaking, Lycia probably emerged during or following
the twelfth century dark age as a neo-Hittite state which was (almost
certainly) a direct descendant of the Lukka and retained its structure
as a tightly-knit confederation of fiercely independent minor states.
According to Homer, the state was led in the Trojan War by one Sarpedon,
but little is known of any Lycian rulers.
Lycia's main cities were Xanthos, Patara, Myra, Pinara, Tlos, and
Olympos (each of these was entitled to three votes in the later
Lycian League), plus the city of Phaselis. With deep valleys between
forested mountains that rise to three thousand metres, Lycia had
the benefit of good harbours and seclusion. The Lycian League is
perhaps the earliest democratic union in history. The Lycians always
had an instinct for collaboration with a strong regional-cultural
identity and Lycia is famous for its tradition of independent city
states that joined together under the strong Lycian League that
was in many ways a model political organisation.
(Additional information from The Persian Empire, J M Cook
(1983), and from External Link: Lycian Turkey - Discover
the Beauty of Ancient Lycia.)
?
- c.1183 BC :
Sarpedon
: Grandson of Bellerophon. King of Lycia in Greek mythology.
c.1193
- 1183 BC :
Lycia
is traditionally an ally of Troy during the Trojan War against
Mycenae and the collected forces of the Achaean kingdoms (as frequently
mentioned by Homer). The Lycian troops are led by Sarpedon and Glaucus,
descendants of Glaucus of Corinth, but the former is killed by Patroclus.
c.1183?
- ? BC :
Megaryon
: King of Lycia in Greek mythology.
Persian
Satraps of Lykia (Lycia) :
The attempt in 547 BC by the kingdom of Lydia to invade Anatolian
lands which now belonged to the Persian empire saw an appropriate
Persian response. Cyrus the Great invaded Lydia and crushed it,
and then proceeded to capture the rest of Anatolia too. The kingdom
of Phrygia and the minor city states of Caria also fell between
549-546 BC, as did the region of Lycia which had its own state in
the twelfth century BC (according to legendary stories) and certainly
by the sixth century BC (according to historical sources). Following
that, a Persian layer of administration was introduced to replace
lost kingships.
Lying to the west of Pamphylia, the 'bump' of Lycia (or Lykia without
the classical Greek influence) juts out into the Mediterranean Sea,
almost literally pointing towards the island of Cyprus. The state
was bordered by Pisidia to the north-east, and by the satrapy of
Karkâ (Caria) to the west and north-west. As a minor satrapy itself,
Lykia was attached to Caria in terms of oversight. With that too
a minor satrapy (although of a higher status than Lycia), it was
overseen by the great satrapy of Sparda. In general terms, the more
minor the level of administration, the greater extent was any native
governance. Lycia was no exception, with native rulers (or governors)
being evident during the Achaemenid period - possibly both rulers
and governors as Lycia seems to have been formed of various principalities
that may have witnessed a continuation of pre-Persian rule but now
under Persian oversight (although this can only be conclusively
proven at the end of Achaemenid rule). Native names shown below
usually include Greek and native versions in that order, plus Iranian
versions in parenthesis.
Lycia's main cities were Xanthos, Patara, Myra, Pinara, Tlos, and
Olympos (each of these was entitled to three votes in the long-lasting
Lycian League), plus the city of Phaselis. With deep valleys between
forested mountains that rise to three thousand metres, Lycia had
the benefit of good harbours and seclusion, but like other mountainous
regions of Anatolia probably made Persian governance quite hard
work.
(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information from
The Persian Empire, J M Cook (1983), from The Histories,
Herodotus (Penguin, 1996), from Alexander the Great, Krzysztof
Nawotka (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009), from A Political
History of the Achaemenid Empire, M A Dandamaev, and from External
Links: Encyclopaedia Iranica, and Lives of Eminent Commanders,
Cornelius Nepos (1886 Edition), and The Government of Syria under
Alexander the Great, A B Bosworth (The Classical Quarterly
Vol 24, No 1, May, 1974, pp 46-64, Cambridge University Press on
behalf of The Classical Association (available at JSTOR)), and Livius.)
549
- 546 BC :
The Persian defeat of the Medes opens the floodgates for Cyrus with
a wave of conquests, beginning with Cilicia in 549 BC. Harpagus,
a Median of the royal house and the main cause of the defeat of
the Medes, commands Cyrus' army in Anatolia, conquering it between
547-546 BC. Taken during this campaign are Caria, Lykia, Lydia,
Paphlagonia, Phrygia, and Tabal (Cappadocia), and Harpagus and his
descendants reign thereafter in Karkâ (Caria) and (sometimes) Lykia
as satraps of the empire, normally within the satrapy of Karkâ.
Khilakku (Cilicia) would also appear to be under his control.
![Cyrus the Great](Persia_CyrusGreat_01_full.jpg)
Cyrus
the Great freed the Indo-Iranian Parsua people from Median domination
to establish a nation that is recognisable to this day, and an empire
that provided the basis for the vast territories that were later
ruled by Alexander the Great
As
mentioned in the introduction, even during the Persian empire period
Lykia continues to enjoy some level of autonomy under native dynasts.
Its seclusion behind high mountains makes it difficult to administer
directly anyway, and it seems to chop and change between independence
and alliances with various powers. Kybernis of about 480 BC is certainly
known, while others strike their own silver coins. According to
Isocrates, no Persian ever gains control of Lykia, although dynastic
inscriptions of Xanthos show that several of the regional satraps
often vie against each other for mastery of it.
546 - ? BC :
Harpagus / Hypargus : Persian satrap of Karkâ, Lykia, &
Sparda. Median general.
525 - 520? BC :
Kosikas / Kheziga (I) : Native leader and Persian vassal
king.
520? - 480 BC :
Kybernis / Kyberniskos / Kubernis : Son. Commanded the
Lykians of Xerxes' fleet 480 BC.
c.480 - 468 BC :
Invading Greece in 480 BC, the Persians subdue the Macedonians and
the Thracian tribes (except for the Satrai, precursors to the Bessoi).
Then the vast army of Xerxes (which includes Lykians under the command
of Kybernis - the Cyberniscus, son of Sicas, of Herodotus) makes
its way southwards and is swiftly engaged by Athens and Sparta in
the Vale of Tempe.
The
Persians are subsequently stymied at Thermopylae by a mixed force
of Greeks - which includes Athenians, Corinthians, Helots, Mycenaeans,
Thebans, and Thespians - led by Sparta under King Leonidas. (These
events are depicted somewhat colourfully - but no less impressively
for that - in the 2007 film, 300.) The Persian army is held
up long enough for the Athenians to prepare their navy for a seaborne
engagement with the Persian fleet. Subsequently the Persians are
utterly defeated both at sea (presumed to include the death of Kybernis)
and on land, and the Lykians quietly withdraw from any alliance
with them to go their own way for a generation (until 468 BC).
480
- ? BC :
Kosikas / Kheziga (II) : Son. Nominally independent.
468 - 387 BC :
Athens wrests control of Lykia away from any possible remaining
Median 'occupier' kings and Persian control. The number of Greek-speakers
in the region is already starting to outnumber that of the native
Lykians, with the eventual result that, by the Argead period in
the late fourth century and its subsequent Hellenic phase, the native
language disappears completely in the face of full Hellenisation.
![Lycian rock tombs](Lycia_Caves01_full.jpg)
The
rock-cut Lycian tombs, near Dalyan, were created around 400 BC,
as part of the still-mighty remnants of the ancient port city of
Kaunos, founded in the tenth century BC as a port city
? - 440 BC :
?
/ Kuprilli : Son. Athenian League member. Name shown on
coins.
? BC :
Kosikas
/ Kheziga (III) : Grandson and regent.
? - 440 BC :
?
/ Arppakhu (Harpagus / Zopyrus?) : Son-in-law of Kuprilli
and regent.
c.450 - 430/20 BC :
? / Teththiweibi : Relationship unknown.
c.440 - 410 BC :
Gergis / Kheriga : Son of Harpagus.
429 BC :
By this time many Lykian cities have stepped back from their membership
of the Athenian League following the gradual decline of Athens during
the Peloponnesian Wars of 431-404 BC. The city is undergoing
a period of transition as the archons fade in importance in favour
of the strategoi. Only Phaselis and Telmessos remain. An
Athenian expedition in this year to force Lykian re-engagement ends
in its military defeat.
c.410
- 390 BC :
? / Kherei : Brother.
c.390 - 380 BC :
? / Erbbina (Arbinas) : Son. Last of his line, centred
on Telmessos.
387 BC :
Lykia's membership of the Athenian League of which it has been part
since 468 BC is now, in effect, cancelled. The Athenians are usually
good at ensuring that member states are unable to secede by establishing
the stipulation in the treaty, but on this occasion they seem to
have forgotten that particular point. The region once again accepts
Persian oversight. One Mithrapata rules seemingly at the same time
as Erbbina, although not necessarily in opposition. He does eventually
come into competition with Arttum̃para of Telmessos though.
fl
390s - 380s BC :
Mithrapata : Native ruler, of areas of Lykia.
c.380 - ? BC :
? / Arttum̃para (Artembares) : Native ruler of Telmessos.
Defeated by Pericles.
? - c.360 BC :
Pericles / Perikles : Native ruler, of Limyra. Removed
by Persia.
367 - 358 BC :
Ariobarzanus, satrap of Phrygia, joins Datames, satrap of Khilakku
and Katpatuka, in revolt against Artaxerxes II. Autophradates, satrap
of Sparda is ordered to suppress the rebellion and he manages to
expel Ariobarzanes from the greater part of his satrapy. In 365
BC, Athens sends thirty ships and 8,000 mercenaries to aid Ariobarzanus.
He rewards Athens with the gift of Sestos and Crithote, cities on
the Thracian Chersonesus.
![Katpatuka monuments](Tubal_Katpatuka01_full.jpg)
The
Persian satraps of Katpatuka found themselves in a land that was
filled with Hittite monuments that predated their arrival by at
least half a millennium
Soon
all of Asia Minor (Anatolia) revolts against Artaxerxes II, with
Datames also having seized Paphlagonia. At some point here in Lykia,
Arttum̃para of Telmessos is defeated by Perikles of Limyra.
In 362 BC, even Autophradates is driven to join the rebels. Sparta,
and also Takhôs, pharaoh of Egypt, send substantial help to the
rebels. Two years later, in 360 BC, Ariobarzanes is betrayed by
his son, Mithridates, and is executed.
The satrapal revolt is finally suppressed in 359-358 BC during which
time - around 360 BC - Mausolus, satrap of Karkâ, has been able
to extend the territory under his command by expanding into Lykia
- independent again during the bulk of the revolt - to remove its
dynastic line of rulers (principally Perikles), and also into eastern
Greece in the form of Ionia and several of the islands.
c.360 - 353 BC :
Mausolus : Satrap of Karkâ. Gained Lykia.
353 - 351 BC :
Artemisia (II) : Widow & sister of Mausolus. Satrap
of Karkâ.
351 - 344 BC :
Idrieus / Hidrieos : Brother. Satrap of Karkâ.
344 - 340 BC :
Ada : Widow and sister. Satrap of Karkâ. Expelled.
340 BC :
Ada is expelled from Halicarnassus by her brother, Pixodarus, who
seizes the satrapal office of Karkâ. Ada retreats to the inland
fortress of Alinda, which has been equated with the Hellenistic
city of Alexandria ad Latmum near Demircideresi in south-western
Turkey. She continues to claim the office and title of satrap and
Pixodarus seems unable to prevent it.
![Mausoleum at Halicarnassus](Caria_Mausoleum01_full.jpg)
The
great mausoleum of Mausolus (brother of Ada) is reproduced here
in CGI, overlooking Halicarnassus, but plans announced in 2019 may
see it 'restituted' along with a host of other historical structures
340 - 335 BC :
Pixodarus : Brother. Satrap of Karkâ. Died childless.
335 - 334 BC :
Orontobates : Held out in Karkâ against Alexander's forces.
334 - 333 BC :
In 334 BC Alexander of Macedon launches his campaign into the Persian
empire by crossing the Dardanelles. The first battle is fought on
the River Graneikos (Granicus), eighty kilometres to the east. Dismayed
at the Persian defeat, Satrap Arsites of Daskyleion commits suicide.
Sparda surrenders, but Karkâ's new satrap holds out in the fortress
of Halicarnassus with the Persian General Memnon. The fortress is
blockaded and Alexander moves on to fight the Lykian mountain folk
during the winter when they cannot take refuge in those mountains.
The campaigning season of 333 BC sees Darius III and Alexander miss
each other on the plain of Cilicia and instead fight the Battle
of Issos on the coast. Darius flees when the battle's outcome hangs
in the balance, gifting the Greeks Khilakku and Katpatuka, although
pockets of Persian resistance remain in parts of Anatolia.
Argead
Dynasty in Lycia :
The Argead were the ruling family and founders of Macedonia who
reached their greatest extent under Alexander the Great and his
two successors before the kingdom broke up into several Hellenic
sections. Following Alexander's conquest of the Persian holdings
in Anatolia and Syria between 334-331 BC, the Greek empire ruled
the region until Alexander's death in 323 BC and the subsequent
regency period which ended in 310 BC. Alexander's successors held
no real power, being mere figureheads for the generals who really
held control of Alexander's empire. Following that latter period
and during the course of several wars, Anatolia was divided between
Cassander of Macedonia, the Lysimachian empire, and the Antigonid
empire.
Persian-controlled Karkâ (Caria) and neighbouring Lykia (Lycia to
the Greeks) had been governed by the Hecatomnid dynasty in the fourth
century BC, as hereditary rulers of a sort that was much more possible
in the more loosely-controlled Anatolian districts than it would
have been elsewhere. Its best-known representative was Mausolus,
who seized control of Lycia from its loose collection of native
rulers around 360 BC. Local tyranny of this kind was a relatively
normal form of government, as it was often elsewhere in the Greek-influenced
world. Tyrants were simply strong autocratic leaders rather than
anything particularly repressive or unwanted (the latter not including
the usual rivalries, of course). Alexander the Great found the sidelined
Hecatomnid Queen Ada to be highly welcoming, making his task of
securing Caria a very easy one. Lycia was handed to the trusted
chief admiral, Nearchus.
(Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information from
The Persian Empire, J M Cook (1983), from The Histories,
Herodotus (Penguin, 1996), from Anabasis Alexandri, Arrian
of Nicomedia, from Panyassis of Halikarnassos: Text and Commentary,
Paníasis, from The Generalship of Alexander the Great, J
F C Fuller, from the Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare,
J Woronoff & I Spence, and from External Links: Encyclopaedia
Iranica, and The Geography of Strabo (Loeb Classical Library Edition,
1932).)
334
- 323 BC :
Alexander
III the Great : King of Macedonia. Conquered Persia.
323
- 317 BC :
Philip
III Arrhidaeus : Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander
the Great.
317
- 310 BC :
Alexander
IV of Macedonia : Infant son of Alexander the Great and
Roxana.
333 BC :
Nearchus, chief admiral under Alexander and his friend, governs
the region as satrap of Lycia and Pamphylia, being responsible for
the ports in southern Anatolia. This forces the Persian navy to
sail across open waters between Cyprus and the Aegean Sea. The Persian
commanders Memnon of Rhodes and Pharnabazus are active in Aegean
waters in 333 BC but receive no reinforcements, possibly due to
Nearchus' efforts.
![Map of Central Asia & Eastern Mediterranean 334-323 BC](Map_Bactria-&-India-334-324BC_full.jpg)
The
route of Alexander's ongoing campaigns are shown in this map, with
them leading him from Europe to Egypt, into Persia, and across the
vastness of eastern Iran as far as the Pamir mountain range
333
- 329 BC :
Nearchus
/ Nearkhos the Admiral : Also held Pamphylia. Recalled
in 323 BC. Died c.300 BC.
329 BC :
Nearchus is recalled to Alexander's side. He brings with him reinforcements
for the campaign in Persia and is accompanied by Asander, who becomes
satrap of Caria in 323 BC. Nearchus' replacement as satrap is Antigonus
Monophthalmus. Sources show his assignment there from 331 BC, but
perhaps initially he oversees these regions from Greater Phrygia
without having a direct hand in administration.
329
- 301 BC :
Antigonus Monophthalmus (One Eye) : Satrap of Greater Phrygia.
Also held Pamphylia.
323 - 301 BC :
Upon the death of Alexander, Lycia becomes part of the Antigonid
territories. Nearchus remains an ally of Antigonus. At this time
a series of tombs are being used in the city of Rhodiapolis (located
in the Kumluca district of present day Antalya in Turkey). The cemetery
complex is formed of a series of tombs that surrounds a larger necropolis.
Often elaborate styles of tomb architecture are used, and the tombs
probably grow incrementally, expanding in width and height over
multiple generations. When a fresh burial takes place in the tombs,
it is placed on top of other graves. Large, two to three-story structures
are often the result of such additions. The structures are made
of brick and topped with arched roofs.
305 - 301 BC :
During the Fourth War of the Diadochi, in 305 BC the diadochi
generals proclaim themselves king of their respective domains following
a similar proclamation by Antigonus the year before. In 302 BC,
Lysimachus enters western Asia Minor, governed as part of Greater
Phrygia, and gains (or regains) control of much of it. Following
the death of Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC, his territories
are carved up by the other diadochi.
![The tombs of Rhodiapolis](Lycia_RhodiapolisTombs01_full.jpg)
The
earliest of the tombs of Rhodiapolis date to the fourth century
BC, during the Argead period of occupation which opened the way
for the full Hellenisation of the region and the blossoming of the
town under the control of Rhodes
301 - 300 BC :
Pleistarchus : Brother of Cassander of Macedonia. King
of Cilicia & Lycia.
301 - c.240 BC :
As part of his Lysimachian empire, Lysimachus gains Ionia, Lydia,
Phrygia, and the southern Black Sea coast of Asia Minor. Cilicia
and Lycia are initially given to the brother of Cassander of Macedonia,
Pleistarchus, but he is forced out in the following year by the
Antigonid ruler, Demetrius I Poliorcetes. The region soon also falls
under the rule of the Lysimachian empire. Upon the death in battle
of Lysimachus in 281 BC, Lycia seems to pass to Egypt, but at some
point before about 240 BC it is seized by the Seleucid empire.
c.240
- c.198 BC :
Having declared war on Seleucus II of the Seleucid empire in 246
BC, Ptolemy III of Egypt has enjoyed a great deal of success on
campaign as a continuation of the Third Syrian War. Seleucus
is distracted by his domineering mother, who forces him to accept
his younger brother, Antiochus Hierax, as a co-regent and governor
of regions in Anatolia. When Antiochus attempts to create his own
independent domain, Seleucus has to sue for peace with Ptolemy in
241 BC. Egypt gains more Seleucid territory along Syria's northern
coast (including Seleucia Pieria), and Lycia would also seem to
be included in this transfer.
200 - 64 BC :
To achieve his part of a treaty with Philip V of Macedonia that
is designed to carve up Egypt's colonial possessions, Antiochus
III of the Seleucid empire invades Coele Syria. This triggers the
Fifth Syrian War and sees Ptolemaic General Scopas defeated
at Panion near the source of the River Jordan in 200 BC. This gains
Antiochus control of Palestine and Phoenicia (which includes the
city of Miletus).
![Roman silver dinarius](Rome_Coins01_full.jpg)
Pictured
here are both sides of a Roman silver dinarius from the official
mint, dated to around 146 BC - the mounted attacker on the reverse
accompanied by his dog is fairly typical as Roman troops would often
bring their mastiffs along with them so that, while the soldier
was fighting the enemy above with spear and long knife, their dogs
would be biting the enemy's legs from below
The
campaign ends in a peace deal in 195 BC which gains for Antiochus
permanent possession of southern Syria (which includes Idumaea,
while Ammon takes advantage of the shift in power to declare its
own independence), and also of Egyptian territories in Anatolia
(which include Lycia). Lycia remains a renewed Seleucid possession
for only five years.
Lycia is officially awarded to Rhodes in the Peace of Apamea in
188 BC, following the Roman victory at the Battle of Magnesia over
the Seleucid ruler, Antiochus III. It remains so attached until
64 BC, when it becomes a Roman province.
Source
:
https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/
KingListsMiddEast/
AnatoliaLukka.htm#Lycia