SPARTA
/ LACONIA
Sparta
/ Laconia (Lacedaemon) (Mycenaeans) :
Laconia
(or Lacedaemon ) was the name of the wider city state which was
centred on the city of Sparta, although the name of Sparta has since
superseded that of Laconia to encompass both city and state. Sparta's
capital seems not to have been important before circa 1000 BC, despite
legendary emphasis to the contrary. The nearby remains of sites
at Amyclae (a Minoan ruin a few miles to the south of Sparta), and
Therapne (Therapnae) seem to be more important, and the latter was
probably the Achaean (Mycenaean) capital of Laconia.
There
are few remaining signs of Ancient Sparta. The Spartans set little
store on fine buildings and high defensive walls, being far more
proud of the fact that their kingdom was protected by men who could
fight and defeat any opponent, or die in the attempt.
Laconia
(Sparta) :
Lacedaemon,
son of Zeus and Taygete and founder of the kingdom/city state, legendarily
named the city of Sparta after his wife, the daughter of Eurotas.
However, it does seem more likely that the early Mycenaean kingdom
was centred at Laconia's Therapne at this time.
According
to legend, the Mycenaean Greek hero, Heracles, took part in the
Trojan War alongside Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and his allies.
After Troy was conquered and sacked, Heracles enjoyed a number of
adventures, including establishing a new Mycenaean ruling house
in Maeonia. One of his companions is credited with refounding the
port settlement of Sinope on the Black Sea coast. Despite apparently
not ruling in Sparta himself, his descendants seemed to rule until
the Dorian invasion.
(Additional
information from The Iliad, Homer (Translated by E V Rieu, Penguin
Books, 1963).)
Lacedaemon
: First king of Sparta. Probably a Mycenaean.
Tyndareus
Hippocoon : Brother. Usurper.
Hippocoon
overthrows Tyndareus, a definite mistake, as the latter also claims
Herakles as a brother. Heracles reinstates Tyndareus and kills Hippocoon
and his four sons before going on to have various adventures, not
least of which is participation in the Trojan War. One of
his companions, Autolycus, goes on to found the colony of Sinope
before joining Jason of Iolkos and his Argonauts. Herakles also
subsequently marries Omphale, the Atyad queen of Maeonia, and goes
on to kick-start the Heraclid dynasty which later rules there.
fl
c.1200 BC :
Tyndareus : Restored by Heracles.
fl
c.1200 BC :
Heracles
/ Herakles :
Brother of Tyndareus. Later in Maeonia.
The
brothers Agamemnon and Menelaus shelter with Tyndareus following
the usurpation of the Mycenaean throne. They marry the king's daughters,
Clytemnestra and Helen respectively (the young Helen had been raped
by Theseus of Athens when the old king became enraptured by her
beauty). Agamemnon wins Helen for his brother in ritual games and
with his great wealth, ensuring a double alliance between the two
most-powerful Mycenaean states. Both of Tyndareus' sons pre-decease
him, so Menelaus becomes his heir.
fl
1193 - 1183 BC :
Menelaus : Brother of Agamemnon of Mycenae.
fl
1193 - 1183 BC :
Helen
of Sparta : Dau of Tyndareus, wife of Menelaus (& Paris
& Deiphobus).
c.1193
- 1183 BC
:
Following
the abduction of Helen by Paris of Troy, Agamemnon of Mycenae and
his brother gather their supporters together and sail off to the
Trojan War. Menelaus returns with Helen despite her marrying
another Trojan after the death of Paris, and she is re-installed
as his queen. According to non-Homeric sources, after Menelaus'
death his illegitimate son Megapenthes sends Helen into exile.
Megapenthes : Son. Ruled?
Hyllus
: Son of Heracles and Deianeira or Melite.
Cleodaeus
: Son.
c.1100
BC
:
The
Dorian invasion from the north takes place between about 1200-1140
BC, with the Mycenaean city states north of Sparta falling between
those dates, and with domination being achieved by about 1140 BC.
Greece enters a Dark Age lasting about four hundred years.
The traditional view of the invasion of the Peloponnese says that
approximately eighty years after the Trojan War (in other
words, by the end of the century), a group of Dorians joins up with
Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade from the north-west.
The Aetolians settle in Elis, and the Dorians divide into two forces,
one of which invades and later subdues Messenia, while the other,
led by Aristodemus (or his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles), gains
Sparta. They make this the Dorian capital of Laconia.
In reality the conquest may be a matter of inroads made over a number
of years, and the dates ascribed to the sons of Aristodemus put
them about a century and-a-half away from the invasion, so perhaps
it is ascribed to them to fill a gap in later knowledge of the event.
Aristomachus
: Son. Great-grandson of Heracles, but possibly Dorian.
Temenus : Son. King of Argos. Legendary father of Caranus
of Macedonia.
Greek
myth paints Caranus as the son of Temenus, king of Argos, who in
turn is the son of Aristomachus, the Dorian conqueror of Laconia
(although given dating discrepancies between Caranus and Aristomachus,
it is more likely that he claims descent from the latter rather
than being his actual son). It is Caranus who takes his followers
north to aid the king of the Orestae and ends up founding the Macedonian
kingdom.
c.960
BC :
Aristodemus
: Son
of Aristomachus. Also king of Mycenae.
Aristodemus
is instrumental in launching the final attack on Mycenae, which
would suggest from his additional title that it is occupied for
a time by him, although legend has him being killed before his forces
arrive there. Additionally, the two ruling houses of Sparta are
created by Aristodemus in the late tenth century BC. A candidate
from each house will share the throne. The idea is that if one of
the warlike kings die in battle, the state will not be left leaderless,
instead being able to respond immediately to the threat. Classical
Sparta is born.
Sparta
:
c.950 - c.192 BC :
The Doric Spartans practised a unique form of dual kingship, with
a candidate from each house sharing the throne. The idea behind
this was that if one of the warlike kings died in battle, the state
would not be left leaderless, instead being able to respond immediately
to the threat. The two ruling houses were created by the descendants
of the twin sons of Aristodemus in the late tenth century BC, although
there is little external evidence for the Spartan kings before around
the middle of the sixth century BC.
Numbering was carried down through both houses and not in isolation,
although re-used names in general tended to remain within their
own house. Kings of the House of Agaid are shown in the centre-left
column. Kings of the House of Eurypontidae are in the centre-right
column. Some differences in ruler's names and dates are shown on
some lists of the kings of Sparta.
(Additional information from The Histories, Herodotus (Penguin,
1996), and from External Link: Encyclopaedia Iranica.)
Year |
Particualars |
?
- c.930 BC |
House
of Agaid : Eurysthenes
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son of Aristodemus of
Mycenae. |
?
- c.930 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Procles
Relation
: Brother. |
?
- c.895 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Sous/Soos
Relation
: Son of Procles. |
c.930
- 900? BC |
House
of Agaid : Agis
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son of Eurysthenes. Founder
of the House of Agaid.
Comments
:
Agis
is traditionally credited with capturing Helos,
a maritime town which resists his attempt to curtail
its guaranteed rights. He is also the creator
of the class of serfs called Helots which provides
the backbone of service and support for the Spartan
warrior class. |
c.900
- 870? BC |
House
of Agaid : Echestratus
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son of Agis.
|
c.895
- 865? BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Eurypon
Relation
: Son of Sous. Founder of
the House of Eurypontidae. |
c.870
- 840? BC |
House
of Agaid : Leobatas
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: --- |
c.865
- 835? BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Prytanis
Relation
: --- |
c.840
- 815? BC |
House
of Agaid : Doryssus
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: --- |
c.835
- 805? BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Polydectes
Relation
: --- |
c.815
- 785? BC |
House
of Agaid : Agesilaus I
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: --- |
c.805
- 775? BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Eunomus
Relation
: --- |
c.785
- 760 BC |
House
of Agaid : Archelaus
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: --- |
c.775
- 750 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Charillus
Relation
: Grandson of Eunomus. Purported
to have invaded Argolis. |
c.760
- 740 BC |
House
of Agaid : Teleclus
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Killed in a skirmish with
the Messenians.
Comments
:
The
reign of Teleclus sees the Spartans conquer
Amyclae, Pharis and Geranthrae, towns belonging
to the Perioeci or 'dwellers round about', securing
the central Laconian plain. Teleclus is killed
during a skirmish with the Messenians during
a festival at the temple of Artemis Limnatis,
an event which leads to the First Messenian
War. |
c.750
- 720 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Nicander
Relation
: --- |
c.735
- 720 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: ---
Comments
:
In
the First Messenian War, Sparta subjugates
its neighbour, Messenia, after a fifteen year
struggle. Many Messenians are reduced to the status
of helots, the servant class which maintains the
warrior elite for much of Sparta's history. |
c.740
- 700 BC |
House
of Agaid : Alcamenes
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son of Teleclus.
|
c.720
- 675 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Theopompus
Relation
: --- |
706
BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: ---
Comments
:
The
only Spartan colony outside Greece is founded.
Located on the heel of Italy, it is named Taras
(later Tarentum, modern Taranto). The colonists
interact with the local tribes, including the
Peucetii, over whom the Spartans may exert some
control. The westernmost neighbours of the Peucetii,
the Messapii, oppose the settlement, and they
and the Spartans frequently find themselves in
conflict. |
c.700
- 665 BC |
House
of Agaid : Polydorus
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: --- |
c.675
- 660 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Anaxandridas
I
Relation
: Or c.675-645 BC on some
lists. |
c.665
- 640 BC |
House
of Agaid : Eurycrates
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: --- |
c.660
- 645 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Archidamus
I
Relation
: Or c.600-575 BC on some
lists. |
c.648
- 631 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: ---
Comments
: ---
The
Messenians revolt and in the Second Messenian
War they manage to keep Sparta at bay for seventeen
years until Spartan skill at arms defeats them,
most especially after an eleven year siege of the
stronghold of Ira (or Eira) and final defeat at
the Battle of the Great Foss. |
c.645
- 625 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Anaxilas
Relation
: Replaced by Zeuxidamas
on some lists. |
c.640
- 615 BC |
House
of Agaid : Anaxander
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: --- |
c.625
- 600 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Leotychidas
I
Relation
: Replaced by Anaxidamus
on some lists. |
c.615
- 590 BC |
House
of Agaid : Eurycratidas
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: ---
Comments
:
Sparta
suffers during a devastating war with the Greek
state of Tegea, with no victor on either side.
The long-standing hostility between the two states
is believed to date from the reign of Charillis
(c.775-750 BC). |
c.600
- 575 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Hippocratidas
Relation
: Replaced by Archidamus
II (c.675-660 BC) on some lists. |
c.590
- 560 BC |
House
of Agaid : Leon/Lindius
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son of Eurycratidas.
Relation
:
Under
Leon, the Spartans fight to a draw with Tegea. |
c.575
- 550 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Agasicles
Relation
: --- |
c.560
- 520 BC |
House
of Agaid : Anaxandridas
II
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: ---
Relation
:
Anaxandridas
finally brings about a Spartan defeat of Tegea. |
c.550
- 515 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Ariston
Relation
: --- |
c.520
- 490 BC |
House
of Agaid : Cleomenes I
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son of Anaxandridas. Schemed
to replace Demaratus as king. |
c.515
- 491 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Demaratus
Relation
: Son of Ariston, but questionable
parentage. In Pergamum. |
c.490
- 480 BC |
House
of Agaid : Leonidas I
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Half brother of Cleomenes
I. m Gorgo, dau of Cleomenes I. |
480
- 479 BC |
Leonidas
achieves everlasting fame as a result of the
events in the Battle of Thermopylae against
the Persians in 480 BC. The 300 Spartans of
Leonidas' personal guard leads a force totalling
no more than 7,000 Greeks which includes Athenians,
Corinthians, Helots, Mycenaeans, Thebans, and
Thespians. The Persian army is held up long
enough for the Athenians to prepare their navy
for a seaborne engagement with the Persian fleet.
(These events are depicted somewhat colourfully
- but no less impressively for that - in the
2007 film, 300, and its sequel.)
![Battle of Thermopylae](Sparta_Thermopylae01_full.jpg)
The
Spartan stand at Thermopylae in 480 BC, along
with some Greek allies, stopped the Persian
advance in its tracks and provided a rallying
call for the rest of the free Greek cities to
oppose the Persians
|
491
- 476 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Leotychidas
II
Relation
: Leotychidas I on some
lists. Gained throne through Cleomenes. |
480
- 458 BC |
House
of Agaid : Pleistarchus
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son of Leonidas I. |
473
BC |
Hoping
to follow up on a victory of 500 BC, the Spartan
settlers of Tarentum (modern Taranto) and its
ally, Rhegion (modern Reggio Calabria), in Italy
attempt to take control of one or more of the
towns of the Messapii and Peucetii. However, the
tribal Italians are able to hold them off, and
in this year inflict a serious defeat upon the
Greeks, thanks to the superiority of their cavalry
(according to Herodotus). The war against Tarentum
continues until 467 BC. |
469
- 427? BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Archidamus
II
Relation
: Grandson of Leotychidas
II. Regent (476-469)? d.427/6. |
468
- 458 BC |
The
Third Messenian War is sparked by a helot
revolt following the massive earthquake of 464
BC, which had caused the Spartans heavy losses.
The helots fortify themselves at Ithome and Sparta
calls in help from its allies, including Athens,
which delivers siege equipment. However, Sparta
experiences self-doubt at its enslavement of an
entire Greek people, the Messenias, and sends
the Athenians home. This causes a rift which leads
to two wars, in 460 BC and 431 BC. Sparta eventually
negotiates a settlement with the Messenians. |
458
- 408 BC |
House
of Agaid : Pleistoanax
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Cousin of Pleistarchus.
Exiled 446-428 BC. |
460
- c.445 BC |
Pleistoanax
advocates peace during the First Peloponnesian
War. In 446 BC he is charged by the Spartans
with taking a bribe, probably from Pericles of
Athens, to withdraw from the plain of Eleusis
in Attica after leading the Peloponnesian forces
there following the revolts of Euboea and Megara
from the Athenian empire, and is exiled. His father
is regent in his stead. In fact, Pericles was
probably offering good peace terms. In 428 BC,
Pleistoanax is recalled and restored in obedience
to the advice of the Delphic oracle. |
431
- 404 BC |
The
Second Peloponnesian War pitches Sparta
against Athens in all-out war. Fortunes swing
either way, but Athens' failure to take the Corinthian
colony of Syracuse and the subsequent loss of
thousands of troops almost brings the city and
its empire to its knees. A year later and Sparta's
acquisition of Persian gold sees the Athenian
fleet starved of huge numbers of freelance rowers
and soldiers, giving Sparta dominance both on
land and, for the first time, at sea. Athens is
defeated and Sparta is established as the greatest
Greek power. |
427
- 399 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Agis II
Relation
: Ruled until 401/400 BC
on some lists. Son of Archidamus II. |
408
- 395 BC |
House
of Agaid : Pausanias
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Father of Pleistoanax.
Brother of Leonidas. Regent 446-428. |
395
- 387 BC |
At
the start of the Corinthian War, Pausanias
fails to join forces with the Spartan general,
Lysander, and for this is condemned to death and
replaced as king by his son Agesipolis I. Pausanias
escapes to exile in Tegea. He also travels to
the Persian empire and marries a Persian princess.
At some point he returns to Sparta and is killed
by the populace. Sparta fights the war against
a coalition of four allied states; Thebes, Athens,
Corinth, and Argos; all initially backed by Persia. |
399
- 360 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Agesilaus
II
Relation
: Half-brother of Agis II.
Ousted Agis' possibly illegitimate son. |
395
- 380 BC |
House
of Agaid : Agesipolis I
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son of Pausanias. |
380
- 371 BC |
House
of Agaid : Cleombrotus I
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Brother. Little is known
of his early life. |
371
BC |
The
number of Spartan warriors has fallen dramatically
from its heyday at the time of Thermopylae,
when perhaps 10,000 true Spartans could be called
to battle. Now the number is more like 1,000,
and Sparta's warriors become a sort of officer
class, leading allied and subject troops to
battle, something that works nearly as well
as the old Spartan war machine.
In an effort to solve the problem of post-Peloponnesian
War conflicts, a pan-Greek conference is
called in 371 BC. However, the arrogant Agesilaus
II picks a fight with Thebes. Cleombrotus leads
the allied Spartan-Peloponnesian army of about
700 Spartans and 1,300 allies (some reluctant)
against a Theban army three times their number
under Epaminondas at the Battle of Leuctra.
Cleombrotus' death and the utter defeat of his
army leads to the Helots being freed and Spartan
dominance in Greece being ended forever.
|
371
- 370 BC |
House
of Agaid : Agesipolis II
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son. |
370
- 309 BC |
House
of Agaid : Cleomenes II
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Brother. |
362
BC |
Ariobarzanus,
satrap of Phrygia, and Datames, satrap of Khilakku
and Katpatuka, are in revolt against Persian King
Artaxerxes II. Autophradates, satrap of Sparda,
has been ordered to suppress the rebellion and
he has already managed to expel Ariobarzanes from
the greater part of his satrapy. Now Sparta, and
also Takhôs, pharaoh of Egypt, send substantial
help to the rebels. Two years later, in 360 BC,
Ariobarzanes is betrayed by his son, Mithridates,
and is executed. |
360
- 338 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Archidamus
III
Relation
: Son of Agesilaus II. |
338
BC |
Philip
II of Macedonia defeats the Greek states at the
Battle of Chaeronea and gains overlordship over
all of Greece. Athens and other city states (but
not Sparta) join the Corinthian League (or Hellenic
League) which is formed by Phillip to unify the
military forces at his command so that he can
pressure Persia. |
338
- 331 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Agis III
Relation
: Son. Killed by Antipater
of Macedonia after a rebellion. |
331
BC |
Spartan
defeat by Macedonia at the Battle Megalopolis
forces them to join the Corinthian League. |
331
- c.305 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Eudamidas
I
Relation
: Brother. |
309
- 265 BC |
House
of Agaid : Areus I
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Grandson of Cleomenes
II. |
265
BC |
Areus
dies in battle near Corinth during the Chremonidean
War (267-261 BC), which is fought between
a coalition of Greek city states including Athens
and Sparta for the restoration of their independence
from Macedonian influence, aided by the Ptolemaic
Egyptians. |
c.305
- 275 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Archidamus
IV
Relation
: Son of Eudamidas I. Defeated
by Macedonia in 296 BC. |
c.275
- 244 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Eudamidas
II
Relation
: Son. |
265
- 262 BC |
House
of Agaid : Acrotatus
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son of Areus I. |
262
- 254 BC |
House
of Agaid : Areus II
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son. |
254
- 235 BC |
House
of Agaid : Leonidas II
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Grandson of Cleomenes
II. |
c.243
- 241 BC |
The
ephor (elected officials who helped the kings
govern), Lysander, claims to see a sign from the
gods against Leonidas and the king flees to avoid
a trial. In his absence, Leonidas is deposed and
replaced by his son-in-law, Cleombrotus, who opposes
the attempted reforms of his co-regent, Agis IV. |
244
- 241 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Agis IV
Relation
: Son of Eudamidas II. Murdered. |
c.243
- 241 BC |
House
of Agaid : Cleombrotus II
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Not on all lists. Son-in-law
& reigned during Leonidas' exile. |
241
- c.228 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Eudamidas
III
Relation
: Son of Agis IV. Succeeded
by his uncle. |
235
- 222 BC |
House
of Agaid : Cleomenes III
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Son of Cleombrotus II.
Fled to Egypt. In exile (222-219 BC). |
227
- 219 BC |
Cleomenes
III is a great reformer of social conditions in
Sparta following the example set by Agis IV, although
in 227 BC he removes his political opposition
in a coup, including Archidamus V, and installs
Eucleidas as his co-ruler. For his last campaign
in 222 BC, he faces 28,000 Macedonians with 10,000
Spartans at the Battle of Sellasia, but despite
good positioning and fighting his forces are overwhelmed.
He takes refuge at Alexandria in Egypt with Ptolemy
Euergetes, but is arrested by his successor in
219 BC. He escapes, tries to raise a revolt which
fails, and to avoid capture he takes his own life.
With him perishes Sparta's last hope of recovering
her ancient supremacy in Greece. |
c.228
- 227 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Archidamus
V
Relation
: Removed and possibly killed
by Cleomenes III. |
c.227
- 222 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Eucleidas
Relation
: Brother of Cleomenes III. |
222
- 219 BC |
Following
the death of Cleomenes III, the Spartan system
begins to disintegrate and from 221-219 BC Sparta
is governed as a republic. |
219
- 215 BC |
House
of Agaid : Agesipolis III
House
of Eurypontidae : ---
Relation
: Not on all lists. Grandson
of Cleombrotus III. Deposed. |
219
- 215 BC |
House
of Agaid : ---
House
of Eurypontidae : Lycurgus
Relation
: Ended the joint kingship. |
|
215
BC
:
Lycurgus
ends the joint kingship by deposing Agesipolis III and not replacing
him with another Agid king. From this point onwards, the House of
Eurypontidae rules Sparta alone with a series of cruel and rapacious
kings.
215
- 210 BC :
Lycurgus
210
- 207 BC :
Machanidas : Guardian of Pelops. A tyrant.
210
- 206 BC :
Pelops : The last king from the two houses. Opposed Machanidas.
206
- 192 BC :
Nabis
: Usurper. Assassinated.
192
BC :
Nabis claims to be a descendant of Demaratus (c.515-491 BC), the
Spartan king who had been exiled and who then sided with the Persians
to be awarded a satrapy in Pergamum. He tries to restore Spartan
power in the region, but an army is dispatched by the Achaean League
to force Sparta to join, bringing the kingdom to an end.
192
- ? BC :
Laconicus : Of royal blood, but relationship unknown. Last
king of Sparta.
146
BC :
The Achaean League is dissolved by Rome and Greece is annexed to
the Roman province of Macedonia.
AD
395 :
Greece becomes the central segment of the Eastern Roman empire.
It remains so until the Byzantine empire's final conquest in 1453
by the Ottoman empire. Only in the twentieth century does an independent
Greek kingdom rise out of two millennia of Turkic occupation or
Romanised empire.
Source
:
https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/
KingListsEurope/GreeceSparta.htm#
Kings%20of%20Laconia