In the collection of laments entitled In the Desert by the Early Grass, Amashilama is a divine leech and the sister of the god Damu, who has died and gone to the Underworld. At her son's request, Damu's mother digs up his blood and chops it into pieces. She gives the congealed blood to Amashilama, who mixes it into a brew of beer, which Damu must drink in order to be restored to life. Damu, however, realizes that he is dead and declares that he is not in the "grass which shall grow for his mother again", nor in the "waters which will rise". Damu's mother blesses him and Amashilama dies to join him in the Underworld. She tells him that "the day that dawns for you will also dawn for me; the day you see, I shall also see", referring to the fact that day in the world above is night in the Underworld.

Enkimdu is described as the "lord of dike and canal". He appears in the myth of Inanna Prefers the Farmer as a wealthy farmer who competes with Dumuzid. He is the son of Enki and is closely associated with Enbilulu. He is sometimes identified as a form of Ishkur or as an alternate name for Marduk.

Enmesharra is a minor deity of the Underworld. Seven or eight other minor deities were said to be his offspring. His symbol was the suššuru (a kind of pigeon). In one incantation, Enmesharra and Ninmesharra, his female counterpart, are invoked as ancestors of Enki and as primeval deities.

Ennugi is "the canal inspector of the gods". He is the son of Enlil or Enmesarra and his wife is the goddess Nanibgal. He is associated with the Underworld and he may be Gugalanna, the first husband of Ereshkigal, under a different name.

Enten is a shepherd deity in the Sumerian poem Enlil Chooses the Farmer-God (ETCSL 5.3.3), which describes how Enlil, hoping "to establish abundance and prosperity", creates two gods: Emesh and Enten, a farmer and a shepherd respectively. The two gods argue and Emesh lays claim to Enten's position. They take the dispute before Enlil, who rules in favor of Enten. The two gods rejoice and reconcile.

Erragal, also known as Errakal, is a relatively rarely-attested deity who was usually regarded as a form of Erra, but the two gods are probably of separate origin. He is connected with storms and the destruction caused by them. In An = Anum I 316, Erragal is listed as the husband of the goddess Ninisig and is equated with Nergal. in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Atra-Hasis Epic, Errakal is said to "tear up the mooring poles", causing the Great Flood.

Gareus was a god introduced to Uruk during late antiquity by the Parthians, who built a small temple to him there in around 100 AD. He was a syncretic deity, combining elements of Greco-Roman and Babylonian cults.

Gatumdug is a goddess associated with the city-state of Lagash. She was later equated with Bau.

Gunura is a deity of uncertain status. The deity is described in some sources as the husband of the goddess Ninsun and the father of Damu, but in other sources as the sister of Damu.

Hahanu is an obscure god of uncertain function who is referenced in passing by several inscriptions.

Hanbi is the father of the demon-god Pazuzu.

Hani is a minor East Semitic deity. He is the sukkal to the storm-god Adad.

Mami or Mama is a mother goddess whose name means "mother". She may be the same goddess as Ninhursag.

Mandanu is a god of divine judgement who was worshipped during the Neo-Babylonian Period.

Martu, later known as Amurru (Amorite), is a god who destroys cities and "rages over the land like a storm". He is the personification of the nomads who began to appear on the edges of the Mesopotamian world in the middle of the third millennium BC, initially from the west, but later from the east as well. One myth describes how the daughter of the god Numušda insists on marrying Martu, despite his unattractive habits. In Old Babylonian and Kassite art, Amurru is shown as a god dressed in long robes and carrying a scimitar or a shepherd's crook.

Misharu is the son of Utu and Sherida. His name means "Justice".

Neti is the gatekeeper of the Underworld. In the story of Inanna's Descent into the Underworld, he leads Inanna through the seven gates of the Underworld, making sure that when she comes before Ereshkigal she is symbolically powerless.

Ningikuga is a goddess of reeds and marshes. Her name means "Lady of the Pure Reed". She is the daughter of Anu and Nammu and one of the many consorts of Enki.

Nin-imma is the divine personification of female genitalia. Her name literally means "lady female genitals". She appears in one version of the myth of Enki and Ninsikila in which she is the daughter of Enki and Ninkurra. Enki rapes her and causes her to give birth to Uttu, the goddess of weaving and vegetation.

Nindara is a minor god who was sometimes considered the consort of the goddess Nanshe.

Ningirama was a deity associated with magic who was invoked for protection against snakes. He or she was conflated with Ningilin, the deity of mongooses, at an early date.

Ninkasi is the ancient Sumerian tutelary goddess of beer.

Ninkurra is the daughter of Enki and Ninsar. After having relationship with Enki, Ninkurra gave birth to Uttu, the goddess of weaving and vegetation.

Ninmena is a Sumerian mother goddess whose name means "Lady of the Crown". She may just be another name for Ninhursag.

Ninmug is the wife of the god Ishum or the god Hendursag, who may be the same deity.

Ninnisig is the wife of Erragal.

Ninsar is the daughter of Enki and Ninhursag. After relationship with Enki, Ninsar gave birth to Ninkurra.

Ninsikila is the husband of the goddess Lisin. Later, his name was mistranslated as the name of a goddess and he became regarded as female.

Nintu is a Sumerian mother goddess associated with childbirth. Her name literally means "Lady of Birth". She may just be an aspect of Ninhursag.

Numushda is a god who was associated with the city of Kazallu. His worship is attested from the Early Dynastic Period, but his cult seems to have ceased at the end of the Old Babylonian Period. He was believed to be the son of the moon-god Nanna and may have been regarded as a storm deity. In the myth of The Marriage of Martu, Numushda's unnamed daughter insists on marrying the nomadic desert god Martu, despite his unattractive lifestyle.

Nungal, also known as Manungal, was the daughter of Ereshkigal. Her husband was the god Birtum. She later became seen as an aspect of Nintinugga.

Nusku is the god of fire and light. He was the son and minister of Enlil. The god Gibil is sometimes described as his son. Nusku's main symbol was a lit oil lamp. He was a member of a group of deities that were worshipped in Harran during the Neo-Assyrian Period by the predominately Old Aramaic-speaking population there.

Šarrat-Deri is the wife of Ištaran, the local god of the Sumerian city-state of Der. Her name means "Queen of Der".

Shara was a local deity associated with the city of Umma, where his main temple was the E-mah. A fragment of a stone bowl inscribed with his name discovered in the rubbish dump at Tell Agrab, northeast of Babylon, indicates that he may have also been worshipped there. He was also a warrior god and is referred to as a "hero of An". In the Babylonian myth of Anzű, Shara is one of the warrior gods who is asked to retrieve the Tablet of Destinies, but refuses. In Inanna's Descent into the Underworld, Shara is one of the three deities who come to greet her upon her return. In the myth of Lugalbanda and in a single building inscription from the Third Dynasty of Ur, Shara is described as Inanna's "son", a tradition which runs directly contrary to the usual portrayal of Inanna as youthful and without offspring.

Sherida, later known as Aya, was the goddess of light and the wife of the sun-god Utu. She was closely associated with sexuality and fertility. She was especially popular during the Old Babylonian Period and the Neo-Babylonian Period (626 BC – 539 BC).

Shullat was an attendant of the sun god Shamash. His function as an attendant was in the capacity of personal security of the greater god Adad, as described and shown tablet 11 lines 98-100 of the Epic of Gilgamesh (together with Hanish fulfilling a dual function in that capacity).

Shul-pa-e's name means "youthful brilliance", but he was not envisioned as youthful god. According to one tradition, he was the consort of Ninhursag, a tradition which contradicts the usual portrayal of Enki as Ninhursag's consort. In one Sumerian poem, offerings are made to Shul-pa-e in the Underworld and, in later mythology, he was one of the demons of the Underworld.

Shul-utula was a tutelary deity known only as the personal deity to Entemena, king of the city of Eninnu.

Sirtur was a goddess of sheep known from inscriptions and passing comments in texts. She eventually became syncretised with the goddess, Ninsun. In some texts, she is described as the mother of Dumuzid.

Šul-šagana is the son of Bau and Ningirsu.

Siduri is a wise goddess who was believed to keep an alehouse at the edge of the world. In the earlier Old Babylonian versions of the Epic of Gilgamesh, she attempts to dissuade Gilgamesh from his quest for immortality, instead urging him to be content with the simple pleasures in life. Her name means "She is my Rampart".

Silili is an obscure goddess who was apparently the mother of all horses. She is only attested once in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Sumugan is an obscure "god of the plain", who is briefly referenced in the Sumerian poem The Dispute between Cattle and Grain.

In Assyrian mythology, Tashmetu is the divine consort of Nabu, the god of scribes and wisdom; in Babylonian mythology, this role is instead assigned to the goddess Nanaya. Tashmetu is associated with wisdom and sexual attractiveness, a quality which she shares with Inanna and Nanaya. A poetic composition from the Library of Ashurbanipal describes how, in one ritual, Nabu and Tashmetu's statues would be brought together for a "marriage ceremony". One extant letter describes how, after their wedding, Tashmetu and Nabu stayed in the bedchamber for six days and seven nights, during which time they were served an elaborate feast. Tashmetu is attested relatively late and is not mentioned in texts prior to the Old Babylonian Period.

Uraš is the earliest attested consort of Anu; she is described in Sumerian texts dating to the third millennium BC. Her role as Anu's consort was later ascribed to Ki, the personification of the earth.

Astarte is a West Semitic goddess of warfare, whose name is cognate to the one belonging to the East Semitic goddess Ishtar. She and Ishtar had many qualities in common, but Astarte was more closely associated with warfare, while Ishtar was more closely associated with love and sexuality. The two goddesses were eventually syncretized.

Atargatis is a Syrian goddess who was worshipped in the early centuries AD. Her main cult center was her temple in the city of Hierapolis, which a Jewish rabbi later listed as one of the five most important pagan temples in the Near East. Her cult was apparently highly influential during the Roman Period, but the only source describing the rituals associated with her in detail is the satirical essay On the Syrian Goddess, written in the second century AD by the Hellenized Syrian Lucian. Lucian's treatise is primarily a work of satire making fun of the arbitrary cultural distinctions between "Greeks" and "Assyrians" by emphasizing the manner in which Syrians have adopted Greek customs and thereby effectively become "Greeks" themselves. Scholars therefore dispute whether the treatise is an accurate description of Syrian cultural practices and very little is known about Hierapolis other than what is recorded in On the Syrian Goddess itself.

Aglibol is the Palmyrene god of the moon. He was worshipped alongside Malakbel, the god of the sun.

A god under the title "Bel", distinct from the Babylonian god with the same title, was worshipped as the chief god of the Palmyrene pantheon in Syria during the late first millennium BC. He is first attested under the name Bol, but, after the Babylonian cult of Marduk-Bel was introduced to Palmyra in around 213 BC, he was renamed as "Bel".

Bes is an Egyptian god of play and recreation. He was envisioned as a "full-faced, bow-legged dwarf with an oversized head, goggle eyes, protruding tongue, bushy tail and usually a large feathered crown as a head-dress." Representations of an almost identical dwarf-god became widespread across the Near East during the first millennium BC and are common in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia. This god's name in Assyrian and Babylonian may have been Pessű. Bes seems to have been the only Egyptian god who became widely worshipped throughout Mesopotamia.

Hamban, later known as Napirisha, is the Elamite god of the sky. His name means "Great God".

Hutran is an Elamite god who was believed to be the son of Kiririsha and Napirisha.

Inshushinak is an Elamite god was originally the patron god of the city of Susa, but later became a major underworld deity.

The Sumerians regarded Inzak as the chief god of the Dilmunite pantheon, but the Dilmunites themselves regarded him as a god of Agaru, a land in eastern Arabia. His main cult center was on Failaka Island, where a temple was dedicated to him. During the Neo-Babylonian Period, Inzak was identified with Nabu.

Lagamal and Ishmekerab are twin Elamite goddesses who were believed to serve as judges of the dead in the Underworld.

Malakbel is the Palmyrene god of the sun. He was worshipped alongside Aglibol, the god of the moon.

Meskilak is the patron goddess of the city of Dilmun. She may have been seen as the wife or mother of Inzak. The Sumerians seem to have identified her with Ninhursag. She is sometimes referred to as Nin-Dilmun, meaning "Lady of Dilmun".

Muati is an obscure Dilmunite god who is referenced in some Sumerian texts. He was later syncretized with Nabu.

Nahhunte is the Elamite god of the sun and justice.

Napir is the Elamite god of the moon.

Pienenkir, later known as Kiririsha, is a mother goddess, who was worshipped by the Elamites. Her name means "Great Goddess".

Lahamun is a Dilmunite goddess who is described in Mesopotamian texts as the "Sarpanitu of Dilmun".

Manzât is the wife of the Elamite god Simut.

Ruhurater, Kilahšupir, and Tirutir are a group of local, Elamite deities.

Siyâšum, Narunte, and Niarzina are the three sisters of the Elamite goddess Kiririsha.

Simut is an Elamite god who serves as a herald.

Yahweh was the national god of the Israelites, who originally lived in the Levantine kingdoms of Israel and Judah. In 586 BC, the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple of Solomon, and deported the elite members of Judahite society to Babylon in an event known as the "Babylonian exile". Modern scholars generally agree that much of the Deuteronomistic History was probably edited and redacted by Judahite priests living in Babylon during the exile. The works of Second Isaiah, also written in Babylon, represent the first unambiguous Judahite declaration of the non-existence of foreign deities and proclamation of Yahweh as the sole, supreme God. Much of the Torah was probably written and compiled after the exile, when the Jews were allowed to return to their homeland by the Persians.

Yarhibol was originally the Palmyrene god of justice and morality, but he eventually became regarded as the god of the sun as well, due to syncretism with the Babylonian sun-god Shamash.