TUATHA
DE DANANN
![](Riders_of_th_Sidhe_(big).jpg)
The
Tuatha Dé Danann as depicted in John Duncan's "Riders
of the Sidhe" (1911)
The
Tuath(a) Dé Danann (Irish meaning : "the folk of the
goddess Danu"), also known by the earlier name Tuath Dé
("tribe of the gods"), are a supernatural race in Irish
mythology. They are thought to represent the main deities of pre-Christian
Gaelic Ireland. The Tuatha Dé Danann constitute a pantheon
whose attributes appeared in a number of forms throughout the Celtic
world.
The
Tuath Dé dwell in the Otherworld but interact with humans
and the human world. They are associated with ancient passage tombs,
such as Brú na Bóinne, which were seen as portals
to the Otherworld. Their traditional rivals are the Fomorians (Fomoire),
who seem to represent the harmful or destructive powers of nature,
and who the Tuath Dé defeat in the Battle of Mag Tuired.
Each member of the Tuath Dé has associations with a particular
feature of life or nature, but many appear to have more than one
association. Many also have bynames, some representing different
aspects of the deity and others being regional names or epithets.
Much
of Irish mythology was recorded by Christian monks, who modified
it to an extent. They often depicted the Tuath Dé as kings,
queens and heroes of the distant past who had supernatural powers.
Other times they were explained as fallen angels who were neither
good nor evil. However, some medieval writers acknowledged that
they were gods. They also appear in tales set centuries apart, showing
them to be immortal. Prominent members of the Tuath Dé include
The Dagda, who seems to have been a chief god; The Morrígan;
Lugh; Nuada; Aengus; Brigid; Manannán, a god of the sea;
Dian Cecht, a god of healing; and Goibniu, a god of metalworking
and blacksmithing as well as one of the Trí Dé Dána
("three gods of craftsmanship"). They have parallels in
the pantheons of other Celtic peoples: for example Lugh is cognate
with the pan-Celtic god Lugus, Nuada with the British god Nodens,
Brigid with Brigantia; Tuirenn with Taranis; Ogma with Ogmios; and
the Badb with Cathubodua.
The
Tuath Dé eventually became the Aos Sí or "fairies"
of later folklore.
Name
:
The
Old Irish word tuath (plural tuatha) means "people, tribe,
nation"; dé is the genitive case of día and,
depending on context, can mean "god, gods, goddess" or
more broadly "supernatural being, object of worship".
In the earliest writings, the mythical race are referred to as the
Tuath Dé (plural Tuatha Dé). However, Irish monks
also began using the term Tuath Dé to refer to the Israelites,
with the meaning "People of God". Apparently to avoid
confusion with the Israelites, writers began to refer to the mythical
race as the Tuath Dé Danann (plural Tuatha Dé Danann).
The Old Irish pronunciation is and the Modern Irish pronunciation
is in the West and North, and in the South. In Latin they are referred
to as the Plebes Deorum or "folk of gods." A poem included
in the Lebór Gábala Érenn also refers to the
Tuath Dé as the clann Eladan.
Danann
is generally believed to be the genitive of a female name, for which
the nominative case is not attested. It has been reconstructed as
Danu, of which Anu (genitive Anann) may be an alternative form.
Anu is called "mother of the Irish gods" by Cormac mac
Cuilennáin. This may be linked to the Welsh mythical figure
Dôn. Hindu mythology also has a goddess called Danu, who may
be an Indo-European parallel. However, this reconstruction is not
universally accepted. It has also been suggested that Danann is
a conflation of dán ("skill, craft") and the goddess
name Anann. The name is also found as Donann and Domnann, which
may point to the origin being proto-Celtic *don, meaning "earth"
(compare the Old Irish word for earth, doman). There may be a link
with the mythical Fir Domnann and the British Dumnonii.
Legend
:
The Tuatha Dé Danann were descended from Nemed, leader of
a previous wave of inhabitants of Ireland. They came from four cities
to the north of Ireland—Falias, Gorias, Murias and Finias—where
they taught their skills in the sciences, including architecture,
the arts, and magic, including necromancy. According to Lebor Gabála
Érenn, they came to Ireland "in dark clouds" and
"landed on the mountains of [the] Conmaicne Rein in Connachta",
otherwise Sliabh an Iarainn, "and they brought a darkness over
the sun for three days and three nights". They immediately
burnt the ships "so that they should not think of retreating
to them, and the smoke and the mist that came from the vessels filled
the neighbouring land and air. Therefore it was conceived that they
had arrived in clouds of mist".
A
poem in the Lebor Gabála Érenn says of their arrival
:
It
is God who suffered them, though He restrained them
they landed with horror, with lofty deed,
in their cloud of mighty combat of spectres,
upon a mountain of Conmaicne of Connacht.
Without
distinction to discerning Ireland,
Without ships, a ruthless course
the truth was not known beneath the sky of stars,
whether they were of heaven or of earth.
According
to Tuan :
From
them are the Tuatha Dé and Andé, whose origin the
learned do not know, but that it seems likely to them that they
came from heaven, on account of their intelligence and for the excellence
of their knowledge.
Led
by king Nuada, they fought the First Battle of Magh Tuireadh on
the west coast, in which they defeated and displaced the native
Fir Bolg, who then inhabited Ireland. In the battle, Nuada lost
an arm to their champion, Sreng. Since Nuada was no longer "unblemished",
he could not continue as king and was replaced by the half-Fomorian
Bres, who turned out to be a tyrant. The physician Dian Cecht replaced
Nuada's arm with a working silver one and he was reinstated as king.
However, Dian Cecht's son Miach was dissatisfied with the replacement
so he recited the spell, "ault fri halt dí & féith
fri féth" (joint to joint of it and sinew to sinew),
which caused flesh to grow over the silver prosthesis over the course
of nine days and nights. However, in a fit of jealous rage Dian
Cecht slew his own son. Because of Nuada's restoration as the leader,
Bres complained to his family and his father, Elatha, who sent him
to seek assistance from Balor, king of the Fomorians.
The
Tuatha Dé Danann then fought the Second Battle of Magh Tuireadh
against the Fomorians. Nuada was killed by the Fomorian king Balor's
poisonous eye, but Balor was killed by Lugh, champion of the Tuatha
Dé, and who then took over as king.
A
third battle was fought against a subsequent wave of invaders, the
Milesians, from the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula (present-day
Galicia and Northern Portugal), descendants of Míl Espáine
(who are thought to represent the Goidelic Celts). The Milesians
encountered three Tuatha Dé Danann goddesses, Ériu,
Banba and Fodla, who asked that the island be named after them;
Ériu is the origin of the modern name Éire, and Banba
and Fodla are still sometimes used as poetic names for Ireland.
Their
three husbands, Mac Cuill, Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine, were
kings of the Tuatha Dé Danann at that time, and asked for
a truce of three days, during which the Milesians would lie at anchor
nine waves' distance from the shore. The Milesians complied, but
the Tuatha Dé Danann created a magical storm in an attempt
to drive them away. The Milesian poet Amergin calmed the sea with
his verse, then his people landed and defeated the Tuatha Dé
Danann at Tailtiu. When Amergin was called upon to divide the land
between the Tuatha Dé Danann and his own people, he cleverly
allotted the portion above ground to the Milesians and the portion
underground to the Tuatha Dé Danann. The Tuatha Dé
Danann were led underground into the Sidhe mounds by Manannán
mac Lir and Tir na nOg onto a flowery plain/plain of honey attested
to in the Voyage of Bran.
Preceded
by :
Fir Bolg
Mythical invasions of Ireland :
AFM 1897 BC
FFE 1477 BC
Succeeded by :
Milesians
The Four Treasures :
The Tuatha Dé Danann brought four magical treasures
with them to Ireland, one apiece from their Four Cities :
•
Dagda's Cauldron
• The Spear of Lugh
• Lia Fáil (The Stone of Fal)
• Claíomh Solais (The Sword of Light)
Tuatha Dé Danann High Kings of Ireland :
The following is a chronology from the Annals of the Four Masters;
based on reign-lengths given in Geoffrey Keating's Forus Feasa ar
Erinn. Nuada's original reign lacks a precise start date.
•
Nuada (first reign) AFM unknown-1897 BC; FFE unknown-1477 BC
• Bres AFM 1897-1890 BC; FFE 1477-1470 BC
• Nuada (final reign) AFM 1890-1870 BC; FFE 1470-1447
BC
• Lugh AFM 1870-1830 BC; FFE 1447-1407 BC
• Eochaid Ollathair AFM 1830-1750 BC; FFE 1407-1337
BC
• Delbáeth AFM 1750-1740 BC; FFE 1337-1327
BC
• Fiacha AFM 1740-1730 BC; FFE 1327-1317 BC
• Mac Cuill, Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine AFM
1730-1700 BC; FFE 1317-1287 BC
Additional references :
In the Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius, the chief
men of science of the Tuatha Dé Danann are listed with their
partly Latin names and associations as follows :
•
Luchtenus, artifex ("artisan")
• Credenus, figulus ("shaper/builder")
• Dianus, medicus ("doctor")
• Eadon, daughter of Dianus and nurse of the poets
- presumably Étaín, Brigid, or Airmed
• Goibnen, faber ("smith/architect")
• Lug, son of Eithne, with whom were all the arts
• Dagda the Great, the King
• Ogma, brother of the King, from whom came the letters
of the Scots
In the Annals of Inisfallen, the following are listed
as members of the Tuatha Dé who overcame the Fir Bolg :
•
Bres, son of Elatha
• Delbaeth, son of Elatha
• Dagda
• Mac ind Óc
• Lug son of Ethliu
• Dian Cécht
• Goibnenn the smith
• Luchtaine the wright
• Crédne the craftsman
Source
:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann