| HUN Hun (also called Ephthalites or Hiung-nu) is a Jat Gotra in Rajasthan. James Tod places it in the list of Thirty Six Royal Races. Hun is a Gotra of the Anjana Jats in Gujarat.
Mention
by Panini :
History
:
Tej Ram Sharma writes about Hun clan :
They are mentioned in the Bhitari Stone Pillar inscription of Skandgupt in which Skandagupta (A.D. 455-467) is stated to have inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Huns : "By whose (Skandgupt's) two arms the earth was shaken, when, the creator (of a disturbance like that) of a terrible whirlpool, joined in close conflict with the Huns". The defeat inflated upon the Huns proved so decisive that for near half a century the Gupta empire was immune from their depredations.
Huns, also known as Ephthalites or Hiung-nu were a Central Asian tribe.
Uigur transcribes the name of the tribe in ancient Chinese in two phonetic forms : one of which is 'xunu or xunu', the other 'xunux, xunuo, xunu' The first part (xun) of the last form is not in doubt and neither is the u of the last part, the only question is about the change of the initial i' of ancient Chinese into y in Uigur before u and in Sandhi, and about the pronunciation of the final consonant.
The first of the above Chinese forms which comes as close to the Hunu as to the Sanskrit Hun is very similar to the
p 132 Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions
Chinese "transcription" Xunu or Xunu, and Avesta Hunu, except the Sanskrit has substituted for the final root vowel V the stem final a characteristic of the names of peoples in that language. "The Purans have a form Urna which together with Epic Skr. Hun suggests Indic Hur?a Turk, Xurnu".
We
may note here the Tibetan Hor, which corresponds with the first
syllable of the reconstructed form Hur-na. The difference of vowels
may indicate a back dipthong or back vowel between o and u, as Ptolemy's
Xounoi suggests, since the Greeks wrote u (y) for Indic w.
Louis Bazin and Von Gabain also reached the conclusion that in language of the Hsiung-nu there was a high percentage of Turkish words.
In the second century B.C. the Hiung-nu (Huns) started a movement near the Chinese frontier and succeeded in destroying the Greco-Bactrian empire, in strongly menacing the existence of the house of Arsakes, and in landing crowds of Central Asian invaders within the borders of India. In the latter half of the fourth century A.D., a branch of them, the White Huns, or Ephthalites, flooded the South of Asia; and 'about the time when the last legions of Rome shattered on the plains of Chalons, the motley hordes of Attila, the White Huns had begun to tread Sassanian Persia under the hoofs of their
Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions p-133
horses, and were soon to smash the Indian empire of the Guptas into pieces'.
In A.D. 484 the Huns killed the Sassanian ruler of Persia. Towards the close of the fifth century A.D. they ruled over a vast empire with their principal capital at Balkh. We know of a Hun-desa placed to the South of the Kama-giri and to the North of Maru-desa, i.e., the desert called the land of heroes. The Harshacharita places the Hun country in the Punjab region practically suggesting the same area.
In the middle of the sixth century A.D., the Sassanian king of Persia made an alliance with Western Turks against the Huns and smashed their rule from the Oxus by killing their king sometime between A.D. 563 and 567.
We know of Toraman from his Eran Boar Inscription and of Mihirkul from his Gwalior Inscription. These two are generally taken to have been Hun chiefs. There is another inscription found at Kur (Salt range in the Punjab) referring to Rajdhiraj Maharaj Toraman-Sahi-Jau (bla), whom some scholars identify with king Toraman mentioned in the Eran Inscription, but others regard the two as quite different. Here it must be pointed out, none of these inscriptions describes any of these kings as Huns nor contains any reference to the Huns.
We find an interesting account of Toraman in the Jain work, Kuvalyamal, composed to 700 Saka (A.D.778). Here Toraman is stated to have lived on the bank of the Chandrabhaga (Chenab river). His guru Hari-gupta, who himself was a scion of the Gupta family, also lived there.
Both Toraman and Mihirkul are referred to in the Rajtarangini, but there is no mention of their being the Huns.
It is doubtful whether Toraman and Mihirkul were Huns or Kushans. Sir Aurel Stein, Jayaswal and Fleet held that Toraman was a Kushan. But Sten Konow holds that Tora- man was, in all probability, a Hun, as is generally assumed, and not a Kushan. It is not unlikely that the Huns and the Kushans were ethnically allied and were later merged into a new nation, which came to be known as Hun in India.
There are several stray references to the Huns in Indian literature. D.C. Sircar opines that the Indian names Hun.
HaraHun or Harahur, supposed to be associated with the Chinese name Hiung-nu and 'the White Hun' of the European writers, are mentioned in a few late passages of the Mahabharat and in the geographical sections of the early Purans, can be roughly assigned to the 4th century A.D. A sutra-vrtti in the Chandra Vyakaran has the sentence ajayad-gupta (or Japto or Jarto) Hunan (Ajayd Jarto Hunan) as an illustration of the use of the imperfect to express an event which occurred within the life-time of the author.
In the Mandasor inscription of Yasodharman a reference is made to the chiefs of the Huns, but they are not named. The inscription simply says that Yasodharman possessed countries which not even the Guptas and the chiefs of the Huns could subdue.
The inscription also refers to Mihirkul "who had earlier bowed only to the god Sthanu (Shiv) and whose forehead was pained through being bent low down by the strength of the arm of Yasodharman in the act of compelling obeisance".
With the fall of Yasodharman, which probably took place not long after, Mihirkul again came to the forefront. In the early part of the sixth century A.D. Sakal become his capital. The Gupta king who then occupied the imperial throne was probably Narsimha-Gupta Baladitya. He was temporarily over-whelmed by the victorious raids of Yasodharman, and Mihirkul evidently took advantage of this imperial crisis to extend his power. Narsimhagupt, according to Hiuen Tsang, was forced to the humiliating position of paying tribute to Mihirkul but finally triumphed over his rival.
The defeat of Mihirkul appears to have finally crushed the political supremacy of the Huns in India who ceased to be even a disturbing element in Indian History. The Purans place the Huns in the extreme west, with the Sauvirs, Saindhavs, Sakals and Madras.
In the Raghuvansh, Kalidas mentions Raghu defeating the Huns on the banks of the Vanksu or the Oxus, the (pale) faces of whose wives spoke of the bravery of their husbands (who died in the battle).
Varahamihir mentions them under the jurisdiction of Ketu and places them in the North.146 Dr. Upendra Thakur
remarks that about the sixth century A.D., the Huns almost lost their original name of Hiong-nou or Huns. Later the powerful Turks give its name to the entire Hun nation by which they were further known in the neighbouring nations. After wards they were submerged in the Mongols under the influence of the powerful Mongol Chief Chengiz Khan. Thus, the Hiong-nou or Huns received different names in different periods beginning with their origin to their advancement in other countries. In spite of the copious references to the Ephthalites in the accounts of the different countries, it is very difficult to determine their exact origin and ethnic affinities.
We can partly agree with Dr. Thakur as regards their merger in the area later dominated by the Turks and Mongols but the Huns find their mention in the Harshacharita of Bana (a seventh century work) and they remained a potent force in the social and political life of the Punjab-Rajasthan-Malwa-Gujarat region during the early medieval period as evidenced by a large number of epigraphical and literary records, and also proved themselves as a source of danger to the Pal kings of Bengal.
In
Purans :
•
Ábhírs, 7,
M.; 10, V;
Huns
of Hungary have a Rajasthan connection
A statue of a worrier on a horseback holding a spear in Budapest, the capital of Hungary, has a deep connection with the Chauhan kings of India. So says Kovacs Imre Berne, a historian based in Hungary.
Berne claims that the Chauhans of Rajasthan and the Huns of Hungary share ancestry. He traces his ethnicity to Huns, a warrior tribe mentioned in Mahabharta that ruled several territories of Europe. Berne rolled out similarities between Huns and Chauhans at a session 'Cultural Similarities with Chauhan rulers of India' organised recently by the department of history at Rajasthan University.
The historian from Hungary is in India tracing the connection between the Huns and the Chauhans. He has been to Chauhan rulers' historical sites, including the temple of Shakambari Mata in Sambhar (Jaipur district). "I was astonished by the similarity between Shakambari Mata temple and our temples in Hungary. The image of the goddess at both the places emerged on rocks and were never carved. This discovery will open new vistas in the on-going research in tracking the connection between the Hun clans of India and Hungary and their migration route," says Berne.
Jat
People Genetics :
DNA
study on Y-STR Haplogroup Diversity in the Jat Population :
The Jats represent a large ethnic community that has inhabited the northwest region of India and Pakistan for several thousand years. It is estimated the community has a population of over 123 million people. Many historians and academics have asserted that the Jats are descendants of Aryans, Scythians, or other ancient people that arrived and lived in northern India at one time. Essentially, the specific origin of these people has remained a matter of contention for a long time. This study demonstrated that the origins of Jats can be clarified by identifying their Y-chromosome haplogroups and tracing their genetic markers on the Y-DNA haplogroup tree. A sample of 302 Y-chromosome haplotypes of Jats in India and Pakistan was analyzed. The results showed that the sample population had several different lines of ancestry and emerged from at least nine different geographical regions of the world. It also became evident that the Jats did not have a unique set of genes, but shared an underlying genetic unity with several other ethnic communities in the Indian subcontinent. A startling new assessment of the genetic ancient origins of these people was revealed with DNA science.
The human Y-chromosome provides a powerful molecular tool for analyzing Y-STR haplotypes and determining their haplogroups which lead to the ancient geographic origins of individuals. For this study, the Jats and 38 other ethnic groups in the Indian subcontinent were analyzed, and their haplogroups were compared. Using genetic markers and available descriptions of haplogroups from the Y-DNA phylogenetic tree, the geographic origins and migratory paths of their ancestors were traced.
The study demonstrated that based on their genetic makeup, the Jats belonged to at least nine specific haplogroups, with nine different lines of ancestry and geographic origins. About 90% of the Jats in our sample belonged to only four different lines of ancestry and geographic origins :
1. Haplogroup L (36.8%)- The origins of this haplogroup can be traced to the rugged and mountainous Pamir Knot region in Tajikistan.
2. Haplogroup R (28.5%): From somewhere in Central Asia, some descendants of the man carrying the M207 mutation on the Y chromosome headed south to arrive in India about 10,000 years ago (Wells, 2007). This is one of the largest haplogroups in India and Pakistan. Of its key subclades, R2 is observed especially in India and central Asia.
3. Haplogroup Q (15.6%): With its origins in central Asia, descendants of this group are linked to the Huns, Mongols, and Turkic people. In Europe it is found in southern Sweden, among Ashkenazi Jews, and in central and Eastern Europe such as, the Rhône-Alpes region of France, southern Sicily, southern Croatia, northern Serbia, parts of Poland and Ukraine.
4. Haplogroup J (9.6%): The ancestor of this haplogroup was born in the Middle East area known as the Fertile Crescent, comprising Israel, the West Bank, Jordon, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq. Middle Eastern traders brought this genetic marker to the Indian subcontinent (Kerchner, 2013).
5.-9. Haplogroups E, G, H, I, T (9.5%): The ancestors of the remaining five haplogroups E, G, H, I, and T can be traced to different parts of Africa, Middle East, South Central Asia, and Europe (ISOGG, 2016).
Therefore, attributing the origins of this entire ethnic group to loosely defined ancient populations such as, Indo-Aryans or Indo-Scythians represents very broad generalities and cannot be supported. The study also revealed that even with their different languages, religions, nationalities, customs, cuisines, and physical differences, the Jats shared their haplogroups with several other ethnic groups of the Indian subcontinent, and had the same common ancestors and geographic origins in the distant past. Based on recent developments in DNA science, this study provided new insights into the ancient geographic origins of this major ethnic group in the Indian subcontinent. A larger dataset, particularly with more representation of Muslim Jats, is likely to reveal some additional haplogroups and geographical origins for this ethnic group.
Villages
founded by Hoon clan :
Harun
:
In the above mention, the gatekeeper is probably 'Khyber' and Ramath is ' Ghazni ' (Afghanistan). The 'Harhun' or 'Harhur' Vasudeva refuge Agarwal said Afghanistan 's River Argandabin is considered, which flows south-west part of the country. If this identification is correct, then in this context, Harun can be considered as the coastal state of this river. (Brihatsamhita 14, 33). It may also be possible that Huns are related to this place.
Keer
:
Hatak
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Source :
https://www.jatland.com/ |