| TRIGAT
Part of Punjab, showing Trigartta - comprised Jalandhar, and the various small states between the Ravi River and the Satluj River Trigats were ancient people of Mahabharat period in the region of the same name. Ashtadhyayi of Panini mentions Janpad Trigat (V.3.116).
Variants :
•
Trigart (AS, p.415)
Antiquity
:
Mention
by Panini :
Traigartayan is a place name mentioned by Panini under Arihanadi (4.2.80.1) group.
V. S. Agrawala mentions Sanghs known to Panini which includes - Trigat, under Yaudheyadi (IV.1.178).
Trigat-shasht is mentioned by Panini in Ashtadhyayi.
History
:
V. S. Agrawala writes that The central portion of the Trigat formed by the Valley of the Beas was also named Kuluta (same as the Uluk of Sabhaparv (27.5-16), now known as the Kulu. Its ancient capital was at Nagar on the Beas. Mandamati was perhaps Madii, lying to south of Kulut. Panini mentions special mention of Bhargayan Gotra in the Trigat Country (IV.1.111).
V. S. Agrawala writes that Panini refers garta-ending names again in sutra IV.2.137 and separately mentions Trigat.
V S Agarwal writes that...We may now form a clear conception of the geographical distribution of three types of Sanghs in Panini :
1.
The Ayudhajivins of Vahik from the Indus upto the Beas and the Sutlej,
of whom a special group occupying the mountainous Kangra region
was called Trigat-Shashtha (V.3.116),
[p.445]: Darvs, Karn-Pravar as, etc., who formed the north-western group. In earlier times, this region, as now, was split up into a number of states. The Kashik mentions the six members of this confederacy as follows: 1. Khandavparsth, 2. Dandak, 3. Kraustaki, 4. Jalamani, 5. Brahmagupt and 6. Janaki.
These are not identified. Brahmagupt may be Bhramor. Janakis are mentioned as helpmates of Susarm of Trigat (Adiparv, 61.17, Udyogparv, 4.17).
The Mahabharat mentions the Janpads in Himachal Pradesh such as Kuluta (Kullu), Trigat (Kangra), Kulind (Shimla hills and Sirmaur), Yugandhar (Bilaspur and Nalagarh), Gabdik (Chamba) and Audumbar (Pathankot).
Alexander
Cunningham on Trigats :
According to popular opinion the petty states of the Alpine Panjab, at the present time, consist of twenty-two Muhammadan and twenty-two Hindu chief ships, the former lying to the west, and the latter to the east of the Chenab river.
An older classification divides them into three groups, each named after the most powerful state which formed the head of the confederation. These were :
1.
Kashmir - Consisted of the rich valley of Kashmir, and all the petty
states between the Indus and Jhelam,
The
Gakar chiefs hold the lower valley of the Jhelam, and the upper
course of the Haro river to the south-west of Kashmir. The Gakars
also occupy several portions of the eastern Doab, as Gulian, near
Gujar Khan, and Bugial, under the lofty hill of Balnath. But these
districts do not properly belong to the hills, although they were
subject to Kashmir at the time of Hwen Thsang's visit in the seventh
century.
Vansh
and State :
12. Kotlehar.
Of these twelve states no less than five are mere subdivisions of the once rich kingdom of Jalandhar, which embraced the whole of the Doab, or plain country, between the Bias and Satlej, and all the hill country lying between the Ravi and the frontiers of Mandi and Sukket, to the south of the Dhaola-dhar mountains. This included Nurpur, Kotila and Kotlehar and as Mandi and Sukhet were at first under one rule, there were originally only four chiefships in the eastern division of the Alpine Panjab, namely, Jalandhar, Chamba, Kullu, and Mandi.
Alexander Cunningham writes that Since the occupation of the plains by the Muhammadans, the ancient kingdom of Jalandhara has been confined almost entirely to its hill territories, which were generally known by the name of Kangra, after its most celebrated fortress.
Alexander Cunningham writes that The royal family of Jalandhar and Kangra is one of the oldest in India, and their genealogy from the time of the founder, Susarma Chandra, appears to have a much stronger claim to our belief than any one of the long strings of names now shown by the more powerful families of Rajasthan. All the different scions of this house claim to be of Somvanshi descent and they assert that their ancestors held the district of Multan and fought in the Great War on the side of Duryodhan against the five Pandu brothers. After the war they lost their country, and retired under the leadership of Susarma Chandra to the Jalandhar Doab, where they established themselves, and built the stronghold of Kangra.
Alexander Cunningham writes that In the seventh century, the Chinese pilgrim, Hwen Thsang, was courteously entertained for a whole month by Raja U-ti-to, or Udit, whom I would identify with Adima of the genealogical lists. One hundred and sixty years later, in an inscription dated A.D. 804, the Raja of Jalandhara is named Jay Chandra, who is the Jay Malla Chandra of the lists, the seventh in descent from Adima. Lastly, Anant, king of Kashmir, from A.D. 1028 to 1081, married two daughters of Indu Chandra, Raja of Jalandhar, who is the Indra Chandra of the genealogical lists of Kangra. These instances are sufficient to show that Jalandhar existed as an independent State for many centuries before the Muhammadan conquest.
The smaller chiefships of Guler, Jaswal, Datarpur, and Siba, are offshoots from the parent stem of Kangra. The independence of Guler, or Haripur, was established by Hari Chandra, about A.D. 1400, when he yielded Kangra to his younger brother, Karmma Chandra.
The date of the foundation of the other principalities is unknown, but I believe that they were always tributary to the parent state until the time of the Muhammadans, when the capture of Kangra by Mahmud of Ghazni afforded them an opportunity of asserting their independence.
Raja Utito, mentioned by Chinese pilgrim Hwen Thsang, was a tributary of Harsh Vardhan, who appear to have continued to rule over the country right up to the 12th century, with occasional interruptions, but their capital was Jalandhar and Kangra formed an important strong hold.
We find in above description provided by Alexander Cunningham that Guliana Rawalpindi (p.132) represented by Mohammadans and Guler state to S.W. of Kangra (p.136) represented by Hindu chiefs of Guler. We may believe that these were the ancestors of Guleria clan.
In
Mahabharat :
Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (I.144.2), (II.24.17), (II.29.6), (II.48.13), (VI.18.13), (VI.20.15), (VI.47.7), (VI.52.4), (VI.68.7), (VI.83.10), (VI.112.110), (VIII.44.41).
Adi Parv, Mahabharat / Mahabharat Book I Chapter 90 mentions History and family tree of Puru, Bharats and Pandavs commencing from Daksh. Trigats mentioned in Mahabharat (I.90.37). And he begat upon her a son Suhotra who married Suvarn, the daughter of Ikshvaku. To her was born a son named Hasti who founded this city, which has, therefore, been called Hastinapur. And Hasti married Yasodhar, the princess of Trigat.
Adi Parv, Mahabharat / Book I Chapter 144 describes Jatugrih Parv, Pandavs then went from forest to forest. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (I.144.2). Pandavs, then went, from forest to forest killing deer and many animals (for their food). And in the course of their wanderings they saw the countries of the Matsyas, the Trigats, the Panchalas and then of the Kichaks, and also many beautiful woods and lakes therein. And they all had matted locks (Jata) on their heads and were attired in barks of trees and the skins of animals.
Sabha Parv, Mahabharat / Book II Chapter 24 mentions countries subjugated by Arjun that lay to the North. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (II.24.17). That bull of the Kshatriya race (Arjun) then defeated the brave Kshatriyas of Kashmir and also king Lohit along with ten minor chiefs. Then the Trigats, the Darvas, the Kokanads, and various other Kshatriyas.
Sabha Parv, Mahabharat / Book II Chapter 29 mentions the Countries subjugated by Nakul in West. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (II.29.6). And the son of Pandu left that part of the country having subjugated the Dasarns, the Sivis, the Trigats, the Amvashts, the Malavas, the five tribes of the Karnatas.
Sabh Parv, Mahabharat / Book II Chapter 48 describes Kings who presented tributes to Yudhishthir. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (II.48.13). The Kashmirs, the Poraks, the Hanskayans, the Sivis, the Trigats, the Yauddheyas, the ruler of Madras and the Kaikeyas.
Bhisma Parv, Mahabharat / Book VI Chapter 18 describes the large armies of the Kurus and the Pandavs ready for war. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (VI.18.13). The Abhishahs, the Surasens, the Sivis, and the Vasatis, the Shalvs, the Matsyas, the Amvashtas, the Trigats, and the Kekayas, the Sauviras, the Kitavas.
Bhisma Parv, Mahabharat / Book VI Chapter 20 describes the warriors in Bhisma's division. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (VI.20.15). Ten thousand cars of the Samasaptakas who were created for either the death or the fame of Arjun, and who, accomplished in arms, intended to follow Arjun at his heels all went out as also the brave Trigats.
Bhisma Parv, Mahabharat / Book VI Chapter 47 describes immeasurable heroes assembled for battle. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (VI.47.7). Let the Samsthanas, the Sursens, the Veniks, the Kukkurs, the Rechks, the Trigats, the Madraks, the Yavans, with Satrunjays, and Dushashan, and that excellent hero Vikarn, and Nand and Upanandak, and Chitrasen, along with the Manibhadraks, protect Bhishma with their (respective) troops.
Bhisma Parv, Mahabharat / Book VI Chapter 52 describes the order of army of the (Kuru) in Mahabharat War. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (VI.52.4). And those renowned warriors, Aswatthama and Kripacharya, supported by the Trigats, the Matsyas, the Kekayas, and the Vatadhanas, were in its head.
Bhisma Parv, Mahabharat / Book VI Chapter 68 mentions tribes in war. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (VI.68.7). And that son of Pandu and Madri, viz., the heroic Nakul capable of wringing tears from the foe, engaged in battle with the excellent car-warriors of the Trigats.
Bhisma Parv, Mahabharat / Book VI Chapter 83 describes the array of the Kauravs army against the Pandavs in Mahabharat War. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (VI.83.10).
Bhisma Parv, Mahabharat / Book VI Chapter 112 mentions tribes fighting the Mahabharat War. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (VI.112.110).
Karna Parv / Mahabharat Book VIII Chapter 44 describes of war of Kauravs against Pandus and the Srinjayas. Trigats are mentioned in Mahabharat (VIII.44.41). The angry Uluk was held in check by Sahadev. Having slain his four steeds, the valiant Sahdev then despatched his foe's driver to the abode of Yam. Uluk then, that delighter of his father, jumping down from his car, O king, quickly proceeded and entered the division of the Trigats.
In
Rajatarangini :
Rajatarangini tells us. When the Damaras and the citizens deserted the, enemy and went over to the king and received befitting rewards, Manujeshvar and Kosht, both of whom aspired after reward from the king and wished for his friendship, quarreled between themselves, each wishing to go over first to the king. Bhikshu heard of this from the sooth-sayers, collected his attendants, and set out in the month of Ashada intending to go to some other country. The Damars who followed him could not assuage his anger with pleasant words, nor make him turn back.
The vicious Koshteshvar, — himself a prostitute's son, — longed for the very beautiful wife of Bhikshu.
But who could touch his wife, or hold the .... (?)* of an angry lion, or the jewel in the hood of a serpent or the flame of the fire?
When Bhikshu asked Somapal for shelter, he did not give it, because he had made his peace with the son of Sussal. The victor had every where made attempt to kill Bhikshu, consequently Bhikshu went to Sulhari, crossing over an unapproachable tract of that country. "There is kindness in Trigart, good behaviour at Champa, -ifts (?)* at Madramadal and friendship at Darvvabhisar. When you stay away, the king,
* word is not clear
[p.132]: relieved of fear, will oppress the Damaras. They will then gradually welcome you and make you king." Though the ministers told him that it would be well for him to ask the help of the people for the conquest of the dominion of Naravarm, Bhikshu did not accept their counsel; he adopted the advice of his father-in-law, and his servants left him on the plea that their families at home were anxious for them. [VIII(i),p.131-132]
Rajatarangini writes .... on death of Avantivarman all the members of the family of Utpal aspired to the throne. But Ratnavardhan the Royal guard raised Shankarvarm, son of the late king, to the throne. The minister Karnpavinnap became envious, and raises Sukhvarm the son of Suravarm to the dignity of heir-apparent and so the king and the heir-apparent became enemies to each other, and consequently the kingdom was frequently disturbed by their quarrels. Shiv-shakti and other warriors refused offers of wealth, honor, &c, from the opposite party, and remained faithful to their master, and died for him. Honorable men never desert their party. After much trouble the king prevailed at last. He defeated Samarvarm and others, on several occasions, and acquired great fame.
Having thus beaten and subjugated his own relatives, he made preparations for foreign conquests. Though the country was weak in population, he was able to set out with nine hundred thousand foot, three hundred elephants, and one hundred thousand horse. He, whose command had been ill obeyed in his own kingdom a short while before, now began to pass orders on kings.
[p.116]: His army was joined by the forces of tributary kings, and increased as he went on. On his approach the king of Darvbhisar fled in terror and there was no fighting. The Kashmirian army caught several lions and confined them in a fort, a sort of abode in which they had never lived before. The king then marched for the conquest of Gurjjar. Prithivi-chandra the king of Trigat hid himself, but his son Bhuvanchandra, on whom the king of Kashmir had bestowed wealth before, came to pay homage. But when he saw the large army of Kashmir, he became afraid of being captured, and accordingly turned and fled. The king of Kashmir, whom the historians describe as a very handsome man, was regarded by other kings as Death. Shankarvarma easily defeated Alakhan king of Gurjjar who ceded Takk a part of his kingdom to his conqueror. The king of the Thakkiyak family took service as guard under the king of Kashmir. The latter caused the kingdom of the Thakkiya king which had been usurped by the king of Bhoj to be restored to him. The king of the country which lay between Darat and Turushka, (as the Aryavart lies between Himalaya and Vindhya) Lalliya Shahi by name, who was among kings even as the sun is among stars, and was also lord over Alakhana, did not submit to the king of Kashmira, on which the latter drove him out of his country.
Trigats
in Jat History :
In different section of the Mahabharat the number of the Trigat brothers goes on increasing from one to five and then to six. Maheswari Prasad writes, it appears that at the time of the final redaction of the Mahabharat the tradition of the six important clans of the Trigats was well established. It is carious to note that in connection with the application of a suffix Panini makes a reference to the Damini group and the six Trigats (v.3.116). On the basis of an ancient verse the Kashik commentary names these as Kaundoparasth, Dandaki, Kraustaki, Jalamani, Brahmagupt and Janaki. These communities mentioned in the grammatical literature can be identified with following Jat Gotra names :
1.
Damani : Damal , Damara, Damas, Dhami, Dhamora
The Trigats were an ancient people closely associated with the Sibis, Yaudheyas and other groups and belonged to the Ayudhajivi Samgha at the time of Panini. Their location in Hissar as suggested be the Virat Parva is pointer to the fact that they were the part of the people among whom the Yaudheya clan had excelled. When the political centres are destroyed by the powerful adversaries, new leadership springs up form the masses and with them come up new names for leadership. In such a situation, the word Jarta, an oblique form of gart, appears to have come in prominence. From Jart orJatt and then, under the Law of Moves, Jat is a normal linguistic formation.
The Trigats have been variously located which shows that they had several settlements. The Purans call them the inhabitants of hills (Parvatasrayin). The Brhatsamhita locates them in the uttarpath. According to the Abhidhanchintanai, Trigat corresponds to Jalandhar. The description of the Virat parv makes us believe that they were the northern neighbours of the Matsya Janpad (i.e. Bairat) and must have been living somewhere in modern Hissar. Reference to them are found in such later works as the Sarasvatikanthbharan (IV. 2.87) Gonaratnamahodadhi (v.144) and Abhidhana Chinatamani (p.382).
To sum up the results of the present study, it must be stressed that the Jats belong to the proto-vedic Aryan stock. But being on the periphery of the Madhyadesh, the cradle of vedic culture, they did not undergo the social transformation on the line of varna system and monarchical political organization. The power of decision making remained with elders and clan organizations described in literature as Jesth Vriddh, Samsad or Sabha. A few ancestors of Jats have been named in this study and others are waiting for a comprehensive study.
Trigat
:
The republics named ' Utsav Sanket ' mentioned in Mahabharat and Raghuvansh were in this state. Mahabharat, Viratparv 30, 31, 32, 33 Matsya country Trigrtraj on Susharma detailed description of the conquer. He had abducted the cattle of the King of Matsya - 'and Taishtavabhinirya Matsya Rajyasya Godhene, Trigartha Grihyaname Tu Tu Gopala: Pratyakshayana' appears from the description that Matsya and Trigarta were neighboring countries in the Mahabharat period. It is possible that at that time the extension of Trigart was as far as North Rajasthan (= Matsya).
Trigat
Introduction :
Reference
:
Source :
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