VEDS,
SHAKHAS, UPNISHADS AND PURANS
Overview
:
The
term Ved means “Knowledge”. Vedic literatures are most
important sources of knowledge about Aryans and Vedic period. The
literature had grown in the course of many centuries and was handed
down from generation to generation by word of mouth which also called
shruti.
1.
Rig Ved :
1. Compiled around 1500-1000 BC
2. Literal meaning of the term ‘rig’ is ‘to praise’
3. A collection of hymns
4. Volumes are called Mandal
5. Mandal III contains the Gayatri Mantra which was compiled in
the praise of sun god.
6. Mandal IX contains hyms called Purush Sukta from where varna
system is discussed.
7. Rishi who were experts in Rigved were called hotra or hotri.
8. It has many things in common with Zend-Avesta, which is the oldest
text in Iranian language.
2.
Sam Ved :
1. Collection of songs and most of the songs were taken from the
hymns of Rigved.
2. Udgatri was the experts of Samved
3. Compilation laid the foundation of Indian Music
3. Yajur Ved :
1. Collection of sacrificial formula
2. Describes the rituals to be followed at the time of recitation
of mantra.
3. Adhvaryu was the experts of the knowledge of Yajurved.
4. It contains both prose and poetry
5. It is divided into two parts- Krishna Yajurved and Shukla Yajurved
4. Atharv Ved :
1. Collection of charms and spells
2. Contains magical hymns to get relief from diseases
3. Indian medicinal science i.e. Ayurved has its origin from Atharvved
5. The Brahamans :
1. Contains details about the meanings of Vedic hymns, their applications,
and stories of their origins.
2. Aitareya or Kaushitaki Brahmans were allotted to the Rigved for
detailing
3. Tandya and Jaiminiya Brahmans to Samved for detailing
4. Taittireeya and Shatpath Brahamans to Yajurved for detailing
5. Gopath Brahamans to the Atharvved for detailing
6. The Aranyakas :
1. It means forest.
2. Written in forests for the hermits and students of the Vedas.
3. Initiated a changeover from materialistic religion to spiritual
religion. Hence, they formed a tradition that culminates in the
Upanishads
4. They are like a bridge between Vedas cum Brahmans and Upanishads.
7. The Upanishads :
1. The last phase of Vedic literature
2. Deals with metaphysics i.e. Philosophy
3. Also called Vedant
4. Contain subject about matter about soul, brahman, rebirth and
theory of karma.
5. Emphasizes the path of knowledge
6. Literal meaning of Upanishads is ‘to sit near the feet
of’
7. Important Upanishads – Chandogya Upanishads, Brahadaranyak
Upanishads, Katha Upanishads, Isha Upanishads, Prashna Upanishads,
Mundak Upanishads
8. Conversation of Yam and Nachiketa is the subject-matter or Katha
Upanishads.
9. Satyamev Jayate in the National Emblem is taken from Mundak Upanishad.
8. Vedang :
1. Known as limbs of Veds
2. Compiled during Sutra period. Hence it is called Sutra literature
3. There are six in number:
A.
Shiksha - Phonetics of Science of Pronunciation
B. Kalp - Rituals and ceremonies
C. Vyakaran - Grammar
D. Nirukt – Etymology (Origin of words)
E. Chand – Metrics, rules of poetic composition
F. Jyotish - Astronomy
1.
Veds :
Four
collections were made and came to be viewed as sacred in Hinduism.
There are four Veds :
1.
Rig Ved :
Its traditional date goes back to 3000 BC, something which the German
scholar Max Mueller accepted. As a body of writing, the Rig-Ved
(the wisdom of verses) is nothing short of remarkable. It contains
1028 hymns (10,589 verses which are divided into ten mandals or
book-sections) dedicated to thirty-three different gods. The most
often addressed gods were nature gods like Indra (rain god; king
of heavens), Agni (fire god), Rudra (storm god; the ‘howler’),
Som (the draught of immortality, an alcoholic brew).
2. Sam Ved :
The Sam-Ved or the wisdom of chants is basically a collection of
Samns or chants, derived from the eighth and ninth books of the
Rig-Ved. These were meant for the priests who officiated at the
rituals of the soma ceremonies. There are painstaking instructions
in Sam-Ved about how particular hymns must be sung; to put great
emphasis upon sounds of the words of the mantras and the effect
they could have on the environment and the person who pronounced
them.
3.
Yajur Ved :
The Yajur-Ved or the wisdom of sacrifices lays down various sacred
invocations (yajurs) which were chanted by a particular sect of
priests called adhvaryu. They performed the sacrificial rites. The
Ved also outlines various chants which should be sung to pray and
pay respects to the various instruments which are involved in the
sacrifice.
4.
Atharv Ved :
The Atharv Ved (the wisdom of the Atharvans) is called so because
the families of the atharvan sect of the Brahmins have traditionally
been credited with the composition of the Veds. It is a compilation
of hymns but lacks the awesome grandeur which makes the Rig-Ved
such a breathtaking spiritual experience.
2.
Shakhas :
A
shakha (Sanskrit sakha, "branch" or "limb")
is a Hindu theological school that specializes in learning certain
Vedic texts, or else the traditional texts followed by such a school.
An individual follower of a particular school or recension is called
a sakhin. The term is also used in Hindu philosophy to refer to
an adherent of a particular orthodox system.
A
related term karna, ("conduct of life" or "behavior")
is also used to refer to such a Vedic school: "although the
words karna and sakha are sometimes used synonymously, yet karna
properly applies to the sect or collection of persons united in
one school, and sakha to the traditional text followed, as in the
phrase sakham adhite, ("he recites a particular version of
the Veda")". The schools have different points of view,
described as "difference of (Vedic) school" (sakhabhed).
Each school would learn a specific Vedic Samhita (one of the "four
Vedas" properly so-called), as well as its associated Brahman,
Aranyakas, Shrautasutras, Grhyasutras and Upanishads.
In
traditional Hindu society affiliation with a specific school is
an important aspect of class identity. By the end of the Rig Vedic
period the term Brahman had come to be applied to all members of
the priestly class, but there were subdivisions within this order
based both on caste and on the shakha (branch) with which they were
affiliated. A Brahman who changed school would be called "a
traitor to his sakha" (sakharandah).
Summary of schools :
Late
Vedic culture (1100-500 BCE), with shakhas shown in red. The Koshal-Magadh
region was not considered part of Aryavart until after Vedic times,
despite the presence of sakhas. It constituted a culturally markedly
different region, which gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.
The traditional source of information on the shakhas of each Ved
is the Karna-vyuh, of which two, mostly similar, versions exist:
the 49th parisista of the Atharv ved, ascribed to Shaunak, and the
5th parisista of the Sukla (White) Yajur ved, ascribed to Katyayan.
These have lists of the numbers of recensions that were believed
to have once existed as well as those still extant at the time the
works were compiled. Only a small number of recensions have survived.
Saraswati
Gangadhar's devotional poetry written in Marathi called Shri Gurucharitra
describes different shakhas of 4 Vedas in 27th chapter.
The
schools are enumerated below, categorised according to the Ved each
expounds.
![](640px-Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).jpg)
Click
on the image to enlarge
Late
Vedic culture (1100-500 BCE), with shakhas shown in red. The Koshal-Magadh
region was not considered part of Aryavart until after Vedic times,
despite the presence of sakhas. It constituted a culturally markedly
different region, which gave rise to Jainism and Buddhism.
1.
Rig Ved :
Saunak's Karna-vyuh lists five shakhas for the Rig Ved, the Sakal,
Bhaskal, Asvalayana, Sankhayan, and Mandukayan of which only the
Sakal and Bhaskal and very few of Asvalayan are now extant. The
Bhaskal recension of the Rigved has the Khilani which are not present
in the Shakal text but is preserved in one Kashmir manuscript (now
at Pune). The Shakal has the Aitareya-Brahman, The Bhaskal has the
Kausitaki-Brahman.
Shri
Gurucharitra mentions 12 shakhas for the Rig Ved namely Shravak,
Shravanya, Jata, Shafat, Pathkram (2), Dand, Ashvalayani, Shakhayani,
Shakla, Bhaskala, and Manduka in Ovi 35 to 38.
There
is, however, Sutra literature from the Asvalayana shakha, both a
shrauta sutra and a grhya sutra, both surviving with a commentary
(vrtti) by Gargya Naranaya. Gargya Naranaya's commentary was based
on the longer commentary or bhashya by Devasvamin, written in the
11th century.
The
Sankhayan shakha has been recently rediscovered in Banswada in Rajasthan
where two septuagenarians are the last surviving practitioners.
2.
Yajur Ved :
Saunaka's Karna-vyuh lists forty-two or forty-four out of eighty-six
shakhas for the Yajur Ved, but that only five of these are now extant,
with a sixth partially extant. For the Yajur Ved the five (partially
in six) shakhas are the (Vajasaneyi Madhandina, Kanva; Taittiriya,
Maitrayani, Carak-Katha, Kapisthal-Katha).
The
Yajurvedin shakhas are divided in Shukla (White) and Krishna (Black)
schools. The White recensions have separate Brahmans, while the
Black ones have their(much earlier) Brahmanas interspersed between
the Mantras.
Shukla
Yajur Ved :
Vajasaneyi
Samhita Madhyandina (VSM), Vajasaneyi Samhita Kanva (VSK) : Shatpath
Brahman (ShBM, ShBK)
Krishna
Yajur Ved :
Taittiriya
Samhita (TS) with an additional Brahman, Taittiriya Brahman (TB),
Maitrayani Samhita (MS), Carak-Katha Samhita (KS), Kapisthal-Katha
Samhita (KapS).
Shukla
:
Shakha |
Particulars |
Madhyandina
(VSM) |
Samhita
:
Currently
recited by all over North Indian Brahmins and by Deshastha
Brahmins
Brahman
:
Madhyandina
Shatpath (SBM)
Aryanka
:
Survives
as Shatpath XIV.1-8, with accents.
Upnishad
:
Brihadaranyaka
Upanishad = SBM XIV. 3-8, with accents, Ishavasya Upanishad
= VSM 40 |
Kanva
(VSK) |
Samhita
:
Currently
recited by Utkal Brahmins, Kannad Brahmins, some Karhade Brahmins
and few Iyers
Brahman
:
Kanva
Shatpath (SBK)(different from madhyandina)
Aryanka
:
survives
as book XVII of SBK
Upnishad
:
Brihadaranyaka
Upanishad=SBK,with accents, Ishavasya Upanishad = VSK 40 |
Katyayan |
--- |
Krishna
:
Shakha |
Particulars |
Taittiriya
|
Samhita
:
TS,
Present all over South India and in Konkan
Brahman
:
Taittiriya
Brahmana (TB) and Vadhula Br. (part of Vadhula Srautrasutra)
Aryanka
:
Taittiriya
Aranyaka (TA)
Upnishad
:
Taittiriya
Upanishad (TU) |
Maitrayani
|
Samhita
:
MS,
Recited by few Brahmins in Nasik
Brahman
: ---
Aryanka
:
Virtually
same as the Upanishad
Upnishad
:
Maitrayaniya
Upanishad |
Carak-Katha
|
Samhita
: ---
Brahman
: ---
Aryanka
:
Katha
Aranyaka (almost the entire text from a solitary manuscript)
Upnishad
:
Kathak
Upanishad, Katha-Shiksha Upanishad |
Kapishthal
|
Samhita
:
KapS
(fragmentary manuscript, only first sections accented),
edited (without accents) by Raghu Vira.
Brahman
: ---
Aryanka
: ---
Upnishad
: ---
|
3.
Sam Ved :
Saunak's
Caran-vyuha lists twelve shakhas for the Sam Ved out of a thousand
that are said to have once existed, but that of these only one or
perhaps two are still extant. The two Samved recensions are the
Jaiminiya and Kauthum.
In
Ovi 203 to 210 of chapter 27, Shri Gurucharitra mentions 8 of the
thousands of shakhas namely asurayaniya, vasurayaniya, vatantareya,
pramjali, rjñagvainavidha, pracina yogyasakha, jñanayoga
and ranayaniya. Of these ranayaniya has 10 shakhas namely ranayaniya,
sankhyayani, sathya, mugdal, khalval, mahakhalval, langal, kaithuma,
gautam and jaimini.
The
Kauthum shakha has the PB, SadvB, the Jaiminiya shakha has the Jaiminiya
Brahman.
Shakha |
Particulars |
Kauthum
|
Samhita
:
Edited,Recited
by all over North and in South India [citation needed]
Brahman
:
Edited
(8 Brahmans in all), no accents
Aryanka
:
None.
The Samhita itself has the ‘Aranyaka’
Upnishad
:
Chandogya
Upanishad |
Ranyaniya
|
Samhita
:
Manuscripts
of Samhita exist.Recited by Gokarna,and Deshastha Brahmins
[citation needed]
Brahman
:
Same
as Kauthum with minor differences
Aryanka
:
None.
The Samhita itself has the ‘Aranyaka’
Upnishad
:
Same
as Kauthuma |
Jaiminiya/Talavakara |
Samhita
:
Samhita
edited. Recited by Nambudiris and choliyal of Tamil nadu
[citation needed] Two distinct styles of Saman recitation,
partially recorded and published [citation needed]
Brahman
:
Brahman
published (without accents) – Jaiminiya Brahman, Arsheya
Brahman
Aryanka
:
Tamil
Nadu version of Talavakara Aranyaka (=Jaiminiya Upanishad
Brahmana) published [citation needed]
Upnishad
:
Ken
Upanishad
|
Shatyayan |
|
4.
Atharv Ved :
Only one shakha of an original nine is now extant for the Atharvved.
The nine sakhas were Paippalad, Taud, Maud, Shaunakiya, Jajal, Jalad,
Brahmavad, Devdarshan and Chaaran-Vaidya. In Ovi 217 to 219 of chapter
27, Shri Gurucharitra mentions 9 shakhas namely paippal, dant, pradamta,
stota, auta, brahmad yasad, saunaki, veddarshan and caranvidya.
The
Shaunak is the only shakha of the Atharvved for which both printed
texts and an active oral tradition are known to still exist.
For
the Atharvved, both the Shaunakiya and the Paippalad traditions
contain textual corruptions, and the original text of the Atharvved
may only be approximated from comparison between the two.
Shakha |
Particulars |
Shaunak
|
Samhita
:
AVS,
edited and recited by all over North India and South India
Brahman
:
Fragmentary
Gopath Brahman (extant and published), no accents
Aryanka
: ---
Upnishad
:
Mundak
Upanishad (?) published |
Piplad |
Samhita
:
AVP;
recited by Utkal Brahmins as samhita patha only. otherwise,
two manuscripts survive: Kashmiri (mostly edited) and Oriya
(partly edited, by Dipak Bhattacharya and others, unaccented)
Brahman
:
Lost,
similar to that of Gopath Brahman
Aryanka
: ---
Upnishad
:
Prashna
Upanishad, Sharabh Upanishad etc. – all edited [citation needed] |
The
Paippalad tradition was discontinued, and its text is known only
from manuscripts collected since the 20th century. However some
Orissa Brahmins still continue the tradition of Paippalad. No Brahman
is known for the Shaunak shakha. The Paippalad is possibly associated
with the Gopath Brahman.
3.
Upanishads :
The term Upanishad (‘upa’ near; ‘ni’ down;
‘sad’ to sit) means sitting down near; this implies
the students sitting down near their Guru to learn the big secret.
In the splendid isolation of their forest abodes, the philosophers
who composed the Upanishads contemplated upon the various mysteries
of life and its creation – whether common, or metaphysical.
The answers were however not open to all, but only for select students.
The reason for this was simple: not everyone can handle knowledge.
It
is said that the Upanishads were written to counter the growing
influence of Buddhism in India. There is no exact date for the composition
of the Upanishads. They continued to be composed over a long period,
the core being over 7th -5th centuries BC. The Upanishads were originally
called Vednta, which literally means the conclusion to the Veds.The
composition of the Upanishads marks a significant and stride forward
in the direction of knowing the mystery of earth’s creation
and one comes tantalizingly close to the answers. Through episodes,
commentaries, stories, traditions and dialogue, the Upanishads unfold
the fascinating tale of creation, life, the essence of life and
of that beyond to the seeker of truth. In the Upanishads, views
about Brahman (the Absolute, or God) and atman (one’s true
self) were proposed.
There
are 18 principal Upanishads viz. :
1.
Brhad-aranyaka Upanishad :
The Brhad-aranyaka Upanishad is widely accepted to be the most important
of all Upanishads. It has three khands or parts. The madhu khand
contemplates on the relationship between the individual and the
Universal self. The muni khand or yajnavalkya is a debate which
goes on to give the philosophical backing to the earlier teaching.
The khila khand tackles various rituals of worship and meditation.
2.
Chandogya Upanishad :
This Upanishad is a part of the Sam-Ved. The name comes from the
singer of the songs (Samns) who is called Chandoga. The initial
chapters of the Upanishad, discuss the ritual of sacrifice. The
others debate the origin and profundity of the concept of Om, among
other things.
3.
Aitareya Upanishad :
This one forms part of the Rig-Ved. The purpose is to make the reader
understand the deeper meaning of sacrifice and to take him away
from the outer trappings of the actual act.
4.
Taittriya Upanishad :
A part of the Yajur-Ved, this Upanishad is divided into three sections
or vallis. The siksa valli deals with the phonetics of the chants,
while the others, brahmanand valli and bhrgu valli deal with self-realization.
5.
Isha Upanishad :
Also called the Ishavasya Upanishad, this book deals with the union
of God, the world, being and becoming. The stress is on the Absolute
in relation with the world (parmeshvar). The gist of the teachings
is that a person’s worldly and otherworldly goals need not
necessarily be opposed to each other.
6.
Ken Upanishad :
The name of this Upanishad comes from the first word ken, or by
whom. It has two sections of prose and two of poetry. The verses
deal with the supreme spirit or the absolute principle (brahman)
and the prose talks of ishvar (god). The moral of the story is that
the knowledge of ishvar reveals the way to self-realization.
7.
Katha Upanishad :
Also called the Kathakopanishad, this Upanishad uses a story (katha)
involving a young Brahmin boy called Nachiketa to reveal the truths
of this world and the other beyond the veil.
8.
Prashna Upanishad :
Prashna literally means question, and this book is part of the Athrav
Ved. It addresses questions pertaining to the ultimate cause, the
power of Om, relation of the supreme to the constituents of the
world.
9.
Mundak Upanishad :
This book also belongs to the Atharv Ved. The name is derived from
‘mund’ or to shave, meaning that anyone who understands
the Upanishads is s(h)aved from ignorance. This book inscribes the
importance of knowing the supreme brahmaana, only by which knowledge
can one attain self-realization.
10.
Mandukya Upanishad :
The Mandukya is an exquisite treatise which expounds on the principle
of Om and its metaphysical significance in various states of being,
waking, dream and the dreamless sleep. The subtlest and most profound
of the Upanishads, it is said that this alone will lead one to the
path of enlightenment.
11.
Svetasvatar Upanishad :
The name of this Upanishad is after its teacher. It comments on
the unity of the souls and the world in one all-encompassing reality.
The concept of there being one god is also talked about here. It
is dedicated to Rudra, the storm god.
12.
Kausitaki Brahman Upanishad :
The Upanishad has come down to us in bits here and pieces there.
The core of the text is dedicated to illustrating the fact that
the path to release is through knowledge.
13.
Maitri Upanishad :
This is a comparatively later Upanishad as it has references to
the Trinity of Hindu Gods (Shiv, Vishnu and Brahma) which is a later
development, and plus references to the world being illusory in
character reflects Buddhist influence.
14.
Subal Upanishad :
Belonging to the Yajur-Ved, this Upanishad puts down a dialogue
between the sage Subal and Brahma, the creator of the Hindu Trinity
of Gods. It discusses the universe and the absolute.
15.
Jabala Upanishad :
Belonging to the Athrav Ved, this Upanishad addresses some questions
pertaining to renunciation.
16.
Paingal Upanishad :
The Paingal is again a dialogue, this between Yajnavalkya, the sage
mentioned the Brhad-aranyaka’s muni khand and Paingal, a student
of his. It discusses meditation and its effects.
17.
Kaivalya Upanishad :
This Upanishad delves into the state of kaivalya or being alone.
18.
Vajrasucika Upanishad :
Belonging to the Sam-Ved the Vajrasucika reflects on the nature
of the supreme being.
The
core of the teachings of the Upanishads is summed up in three words:
tat tvam asi… you are that.
4.
Puran :
The Purans are consisting of narratives of the history of the universe
from creation to destruction, genealogies of kings, heroes, sages,
and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology, philosophy, and
geography.
Purans
usually give prominence to a particular deity, usually written in
the form of stories related by one person to another. Brahmin scholars
read from them and tell their stories, usually in Katha sessions
(in which a traveling Brahmin settles for a few weeks in a temple
and narrates parts of a Puran).
The
different Puranas are :
1.
Agni (15,400 verses) – Contains details of Vastu Shastra and
Gemology.
2.
Bhagavat (18,000 verses) – The most celebrated and popular
of the Purans, telling of Vishnu’s ten Avatars. Its tenth
and longest canto narrates the deeds of Krishna, introducing his
childhood exploits.
3.
Bhavishya (14,500 verses).
4.
Brahma (10,000 verses) – Describes about Godavari and its
tributaries.
5.
Brahmand (12,000 verses) – Includes Lalita Sahastranaam, a
text some Hindus recite as prayer.
6.
Brahmavaivart (17,000 verses) – Describes Worshipping protocols
of Devis, Krishna and Ganesh.
7.
Garud (19,000 verses) – Most hallowed Puran regarding the
death and its aftermaths.
8.
Harivamsh (16,000 verses) – More often considered itihas.
9.
Kurma (17,000 verses).
10.
Ling (11,000 verses) – Staunch Shaiv Theological Puran.
11.
Markandeya (9,000 verses) – The Devi Mahatmya, an important
text for the Shaktas is embedded in it.
12.
Matsya (14,000 verses).
13.
Narad (25,000 verses) – Describe the greatness of Ved and
Vedangs.
14.
Padma (55,000 verses) – Describe the greatness of Bhagavad
Gita. Also known as Geeta mathmya.
15.
Shiv (24,000 verses).
16.
Skand (81,100 verses) – The longest Puran, it is an extraordinarily
meticulous pilgrimage guide, containing geographical locations of
pilgrimage centers in India, with related legends, parables, hymns
and stories. Many untraced quotes are attributed to this text.
17.
Vaman (10,000 verses) – Mostly describes about North India
and areas around Kurukshetra.
18.
Varah (24,000 verses).
19.
Vayu (24,000 verses).
20.
Vishnu (23,000 verses).
The
Upapuranas are ancillary texts. They include: Sanat-kumar, Narasimha,
Brihan-naradiya, Shiv-rahasya, Durvasa, Kapil, Vaman, Bhargav, Varun,
Kalik, Samba, Nandi, Surya, Parashar, Vashishth, Devi-Bhagavat,
Ganesh, Mudgal and Hamsa.
The
Ganesh and Mudgal Purans are devoted to Ganesh. The Devi-Bhagavat
Puran, which extols the goddess Durga, has become (along with the
Devi Mahatmya of the Markandeya Puran) a basic text for Devi worshipers.
5.
Ved - Shakha - Upnishad Association :
Ved
and Recension |
Shakha |
Principal
Upanishad |
Rig
Ved
Only
one recension |
Shakal |
Aitareya
|
Sam
Ved
Only
one recension |
Kauthum |
Chandogya
|
Jaiminiya |
Ken
|
Ranayaniya |
|
Krishna
Yajur Ved
|
Katha |
Katha
|
Taittiriya |
Taittiriya
|
Maitrayani |
|
Hiranyakeshi
(Kapishthal) |
|
Kathak |
|
Shukla
Yajur Ved |
Vajasaneyi
Madhyandina |
Isha
and Brhadaranyaka
|
Kanva
Shakha |
|
Atharv
Ved
Two
recensions |
Shaunak |
Mandukya
and Mundaka
|
Paippalad |
Prashna
Upanishad |
Ved |
Particulars |
Rig
Ved |
Number
:
10
Mukhya
:
Aitareya,
Kausitaki
Samanya
:
Atmabodh,
Mudgal
Sanyas
:
Nirvan
Sakt
:
Tripura,
Saubhagya-lakshmi, Bahvrca
Vaishnav
: ---
Saiva
:
Aksmalik
Yog
:
Nadbindu
|
Sam
Ved |
Number
:
16
Mukhya
:
Chandogya,
Kena
Samanya
:
Vajrasuchi,
Maha, Savitri
Sanyas
:
Aruni,
Maitreya, Brhat-Sannyas, Kundik (Laghu-Sannyas)
Sakt
: ---
Vaishnav
:
Vasudev,
Avyakt
Saiva
:
Rudraksh,
Jabali
Yog
:
Yogchudamani,
Darshan |
Krishna
Yajur Ved |
Number
:
32
Mukhya
:
Taittiriya,
Katha, Svetasvatar, Maitrayani
Samanya
:
Sarvasar,
Sukarahasya, Skand, Garbh, Sariraka, Ekaksar, Aksi
Sanyas
:
Brahma,
(Laghu, Brhad) Avadhut, Kathasruti
Sakt
:
Sarasvati-rahasya
Vaishnav
:
Narayan,
Kali-Santaran
Saiva
:
Kaivalya,
Kalagnirudra, Dakshinamurti, Rudrahrdaya, Panchbrahma
Yog
:
Amrtabindu,
Tejobindu, Amrtanad, Ksurik, Dhyanabindu, Brahmavidya, Yogtattva,
Yogsikha, Yogkundalini, Varah |
Shukla
Yajur Ved |
Number
:
19
Mukhya
:
Brhadaranyak,
Isha
Samanya
:
Subal,
Mantrika, Niralamb, Pingal, Adhyatma, Muktik
Sanyas
:
Jabala,
Bhikshuk, Turiyatitavadhut, Yajñavalkya, Satyayaniya
Sakt
: ---
Vaishnav
:
Tarasar
Saiva
: ---
Yog
:
Advayatarak,
Hamsa, Trisikhi, Mandalbrahmaha |
Atharv
Ved |
Number
:
31
Mukhya
:
Mundak,
Mandukya, Prashna
Samanya
:
Atma,
Surya, Pranagnihotra
Sanyas
:
Ashram,
Narad-parivrajak, Paramhamsa, Paramahamsa parivrajak, Parbrahma
Sakt
:
Sita,
Devi, Tripuratapini, Bhavana
Vaishnav
:
Nrsimhatapani,
Mahanarayan (Tripad vibhuti), Ramrahasya, Ramtapani, Gopaltapani,
Krishna, Hayagriv, Dattatreya, Garud
Saiva
:
Atharvangiras,
Atharvasikha, Brhajjabala, Sarabh, Bhasma, Ganpati
Yog
:
Sandilya,
Pasupat, Mahavakya |
Total
Upanishads |
Number
: 108
Mukhya
: 13
Samanya
: 21
Sanyas
: 19
Sakt
: 8
Vaishnav
: 14
Saiva
: 13
Yog
: 20
|