CHARAK

Charak monument in the Patanjali campus

Born : c. 100 BCE Ancient India

Died : c. 200 CE

Known for : Charak Samhita

Field : Medicine

Charak (romanized : Caraka, fl. c. 100 BCE – 200 CE) was one of the principal contributors to Ayurved, a system of medicine and lifestyle developed in Ancient India. He is known as the compiler or editor (romanized: pratisamskarta) of the medical treatise entitled Charak Samhita (romanized: Carakasamhita). Charak has been identified as a native of Kashmir. The treatise that Charak compiled is one of the foundational treatises of classical Indian medicine and is regarded one among the Brihat-Trayee (the Greatest - trio) of Ayurved.

Date :

After surveying and evaluating all past scholarship on the subject of Charak's date, Meulenbeld concluded that,

... the author called Charak cannot have lived later than about A.D. 150-200 and not much earlier than about 100 B.C.

Charak and the Ayurved :

The term Charak is a label said to apply to "wandering scholars" or "wandering physicians". According to Charak's translations, health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by human effort and attention to lifestyle. As per Indian heritage and Ayurvedic system, prevention of all types of diseases have a more prominent place than treatment, including restructuring of lifestyle to align with the course of nature and six seasons, which will guarantee complete wellness.

Charak seems to have been an early proponent of "prevention is better than cure" doctrine. The following statement is attributed to Acharya Charak :

A physician who fails to enter the body of a patient with the lamp of knowledge and understanding can never treat diseases. He should first study all the factors, including environment, which influence a patient's disease, and then prescribe treatment. It is more important to prevent the occurrence of disease than to seek a cure.

Charak contributions to the fields of physiology, etiology and embryology have been recognised.

Charak is generally considered as the first physician to present the concept of digestion, metabolism, and immunity. A body functions because it contains three dosha or principles, namely movement (vat), transformation (pitt) and lubrication & stability (kaph). The doshs correspond to the Western classification of humors, wind, bile, and phlegm. These doshas are produced when dhatus (blood, flesh and marrow) act upon the food eaten. For the same quantity of food eaten, one body, however, produces dosha in an amount different from another body. That is why one body is different from another.

Further, he stressed, illness is caused when the balance among the three doshas in a human body are disturbed. To restore the balance he prescribed medicinal drugs. Although he was aware of germs in the body, he did not give them primary importance.

Charak studied the anatomy of the human body and various organs. He gave 360 as the total number of bones, including teeth, present in the human body. He was right when he considered heart to be a controlling centre. He claimed that the heart was connected to the entire body through 13 main channels. Apart from these channels, there were countless other ones of varying sizes which supplied not only nutrients to various tissues but also provided passage to waste products. He also claimed that any obstruction in the main channels led to a disease or deformity in the body.

Agnivesa, under the guidance of the ancient physician Atreya, had written an encyclopedic treatise in the 8th century BCE. However, it was only when Charak revised this treatise that it gained popularity and came to be known as Charak Samhita. For two millennia it remained a standard work on the subject and was translated into many foreign languages, including Arabic and Latin.

Contributions :

He is the compiler or editor (pratisamskarta) of the Charak Samhita which is a work of several authors beginning, Charak says, with Agnivesa. Charak's work was later supplemented with an extra seventeen chapters added by the author Drdhabal. The Charak Samhita is one of the two foundational text of Ayurved, the other being the Sushruta Samhita. The Charak Samhita contains eight parts and 120 chapters.

Influences :

According to the introductory chapter of the Charak Samhita itself, there existed six schools of medicine, founded by the disciples of the sage Punarvasu Atreya. Each of his disciples, Agnivesh, Bhel, Jatukarn, Parashar, Harit, and Ksharapani, composed a medical compendium. The Agnivesh Samhita was later revised by Charak and it came to be known as Charak Samhita. The Charak Samhita was itself later supplemented by Dridhbal. It contains the following eight parts :

1. Sutra Sthan

2. Nidan Sthan

3. Viman Sthan

4. Sharir Sthan

5. Indriya Sthan

6. Chikitsa Sthan

7. Kalp Sthan

8. Siddhi Sthan

There were 8 main chapters in this book. There had been 120 sub chapters of which they all in total had 12,000 verses and description of 2,000 medicines. There were cures for diseases related to almost every body part of human body and all medicines had natural elements to cure the diseases.

Source :

https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Charaka