ROOTSHUNT

THE ANUKRAMANIS

Chapter 1

The Anukramanis

The Anukramanis or Indices of the Rig Ved provide us with the most basic information about each of the 1028 hymns of the Rig Ved :

a. The Rishi or composer of each hymn or verse.

b. The Devta or deity of each hymn or verse.

c. The Chhand or metre of each hymn or verse.

For the purpose of our historical analysis of the Rig Ved, we will be concerned only with the index which deals with the most undeniably historical aspect of the Rig Ved: the index of Rishis which provides us with details about the living and breathing historical personalities who composed the hymns.

The Rig Ved consists of 10 Mandala or Books, which contain 1028 sukts or hymns, consisting of 10552 mantras or verses as follows :

Mandala N

III

VII

VIII

Total

No. of Hymns

191

104

103

114

191

1028

No. of verses

2006

429

617

589

727

765

841

1716

1108

1754

10552

The Anukramanis give us details, regarding these hymns, which are so basic and indispensable that it is inconceivable that any serious scholar could consider it possible to analyse the hymns without taking the Anukramanis as the very basis for his analysis.

But, ironically, not only are the Anukramanis generally ignored by the scholars, but this ignorance of, and indifference to, the details contained in the Anukramanis is even flaunted by them.

Consider the following statements by eminent scholars who consider themselves qualified to make pronouncements on Rigvedic history:

B.K. Ghosh: The first Mandala falls naturally into two parts: the first fifty hymns have the Kanvas as authors like the eighth Mandala.

Actual fact: I.1-11, 24-30 (eighteen hymns) are by Visvamitras.

I.31-35 (five hymns) are by Angirases

I.12-23, 36-50 (twenty-seven hymns) are by Kanvas

DD Kosambi: The principal Vedic god is Agni, the god of fire; more hymns are dedicated to him than to any other. Next in importance comes Indra.

Actual fact: The ratio between the number of hymns and verses to the two gods, by any count, is Indra: Agni = 3:2.

The flippant attitude of these scholars towards factual details, when it comes to Rigvedic studies, is underlined by the nature of Kosambis error: he misinterprets the fact that hymns to Agni are generally placed before hymns to Indra, to mean that there are more hymns to Agni than to Indra!

Maurice Bloomfield, in his invaluable work on Rigvedic Repetitions (i.e. verses, verse-sections or phrases, which occur more than once in the Rig Ved) claims that these repetitions prove the falsity or dubiousness of the information contained in the Anukramanis :

Under the title Untrustworthiness of Anukramani-statements Shown by the Repetitions, Bloomfield remarks that the statements of the Sarvanukramani .... betray the dubiousness of their authority in no particular more than in relation to the repetitions .... the Anukramani finds it in its heart to assign, with unruffled insouciance, one and the same verse to two or more authors, or to ascribe it to two or more divinities, according as it occurs in one book or another, in one connexion or another. The Apri stanzas 3.4.8-11 = 7.2.8-11 are ascribed in the third book to Visvamitra Gathin, in the seventh book to Vashishth MaitraVaruni.

However :

1. The repetitions do not disprove the authenticity of the Anukramanis :

a. The repetitions in the Rig Ved are representative of a regular phenomenon in Classical and liturgical literature throughout the world. Consider for example what Gilbert Murray says about similar repetitions in Greek literature: descriptive phrases are caught up ready made from a store of such things: perpetual epithets, front halves of lines, back halves of lines, whole lines, if need be, and long formulae. The stores of the poets were full and brimming. A bard need only put in his hand and choose out a well-sounding phrase. Even the similes are ready-made. Quoting this, B.K. Ghosh notes: All this may be maintained, mutatis mutandis, also of Rigvedic poetry.

In the case of the Rig Ved it is significant that every single repetition pertains to a literary or liturgical phrase. In fact, the more literary or liturgical the reference, the more the likelihood of repetitions: the longest repetition of three consecutive verses is in the liturgical Apri-Suktas of the Visvamitras and Vashishths: III.4.8-11 = VII.2.8-11.

Not a single repetition pertains to any historical reference: even when the same historical reference is found in four different verses, the phrasing is different: I.53.10; II.14.7; VI.18.13; VIII. 53.2.

Therefore, regardless of the number of verses or verse-sections common to any two hymns ascribed to two different Rishis, the hymns in question have to be regarded as compositions of the two Rishis to whom they are ascribed: that one Rishi has borrowed from the composition of the other is no criterion in judging the correctness of the Anukramanis.

b. The Apri-Suktas of the Visvamitras and Vashishths contain the longest repetitions, of three verses, in common: III.4.8-11 = VII. 2.8-11. Bloomfield points to these particular repetitions as evidence in support of his contention that the repetitions disprove the correctness of the Anukramanis. But, ironically, it is these very repetitions which disprove the correctness of his contention.

The composers of the Rig Ved were members of ten priestly families, and each family had its own Apri-Sukta composed by a member of the family. In later times, during the performance of any sacrifice, at the point where an Apri-Sukta was to be recited, the conducting Rishi was required to recite the Apri-Sukta of his own family.

The Apri-Sukta of the Visvamitras was therefore undoubtedly composed by a Visvamitra, and that of the Vashishths by a Vashishth. If these two hymns contain repetitions in common, it constitutes the ultimate proof that repetitions in common are no evidence of two hymns not having been composed by two different Rishis.

2. There is no logical reason to doubt the authenticity of the authorship ascriptions in the Anukramanis, which are corroborated by :

a. The very existence of the Anukramanis as a part and parcel of the Rigvedic text from the most ancient times.

b. The very division of the Rig Ved into Mandala, many of which are family Mandala.

c. The uniformity of style in hymns ascribed to single Rishis or families (eg. Parucchepa).

d. The common refrains occuring in the concluding verses of hymns ascribed to certain Rishis or families (eg. Kutsa).

e. The common contexts in hymns ascribed to certain Rishis or families (eg. the repeated references to Sudas in hymns by Vashishths).

f. Specific statements within the hymns, where the composers refer to themselves by name.

g. Most important of all, the perfectly logical way in which an analysis of the historical references in the hymns, as we shall demonstrate in this book, produces a pattern of historical correspondences and inter-relationships which fits in perfectly with the ascriptions in the Anukramanis.

With this, we may now turn to the actual details given in the Anukramanis regarding the names of the composers of the different hymns in the Rig Ved :

	Mandala I (191 hymns)
1-10 11 12-23 24-30 31-35 36-43 44-50 51-57 58-64 65-73 74-93 94-98 99 100 101-115 116-126 127-139 140-164 165-191	Madhucchandas Vaisvamitra Jeta Madhucchandas Medhatithi Kanva Sunahsepa Ajigarti later Devrat Vaisvamitra Hiranyastup Angiras Kanva Ghaura Praskanva Kanva Savya Angiras Nodhas Gautam Parashar saktya Gotama Rahugan Kutsa Angiras Kashyap Marichi Rjrasva Varsagira Kutsa Angiras Kakshivan Dirghtamas Parucchepa Daivodasi Dirghtamas Aucathya Agastya MaitraVaruni

	Mandala II (43 hymns)
1-3 4-7 8-26 27-29 30-43	Grtsamad Saunahotra, later Grtsamad Saunaka Somahuti Bhargav Grtsamad Saunahotra, later Grtsamad Saunaka Kurma Gartsamad Grtsamad Saunahotra, later Grtsamad Saunaka

	Mandala III (62 hymns)
1-12 13-14 15-16 17-18 19-22 23-35 36 37 38 39-53 54-56 57-61 62	Visvamitra Gathin Rsabha Vaisvamitra Utkila Katya Kata Vaisvamitra Gathin Kaushik. Vaisvamitra Gathin Vaisvamitra Gathin, Ghor Angiras Vaisvamitra Gathin Vaisvamitra Gathin, Prajapati Vaisvamitra/Vacya Vaisvamitra Gathin Prajapati Vaisvamitra/Vacya Vaisvamitra Gathin Vaisvamitra Gathin, Jamadagni Bhargav

	Mandala IV (58 hymns)
1-42 43-44 45-58	Vamdev Gautam Purumilha Sauhotra, Ajamilha Sauhotra Vamdev Gautam

	Mandala V (87 hymns)
1 2 3-6 7-8 9-10 11-14 15 16-17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25-26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33-34 35-36 37-43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50-51 52-61 62 63-64 65-66 67-68 69-70 71-72 73-74 75 76-77 78 79-80 81-82 83-86 87	Budh/Gavisthira Atreya Kumar/Vrsa Jan Atreya Vasusruta Atreya Isa Atreya Gaya Atreya Sutambhara Atreya Dharun Angiras Puru Atreya Dvita Atreya Vavri Atreya Prayasvanta Atreya Sasa Atreya Visvasaman Atreya Dyumna Visvacarsani Atreya Bandhu, Subandhu, Srutabandhu, Viprabandhu (Gaupayanas) Vasuyava Atreya Atri Bhaum Visvavara Atreyi Gauriviti saktya Babhru Atreya Avasyu Atreya Gatu Atreya Samvaran Prajapatya Prabhuvasu Angiras Atri Bhauma Avatsara Kashyap, various Atreyas Sadaprna Atreya Pratiksatra Atreya Pratiratha Atreya Pratibhanu Atreya Pratiprabha Atreya Svasti Atreya Syavasva Atreya Srutavida Atreya Arcananas Atreya Ratahavya Atreya Yajata Atreya Urucakri Atreya Bahuvrkta Atreya Paura Atreya Avasyu Atreya Atri Bhauma Saptavadhri Atreya Satyasravas Atreya Syavasva Atreya Atri Bhauma Evayamarut Atreya

	Mandala VI (75 hymns)
1-30 31-32 33-34 35-36 37-43 44-46 47 48 49-52 53-74 75	Bharadvaj Barhaspatya Suhotra Bharadvaj Sunahotra Bharadvaj Nara Bharadvaj Bharadvaj Barhaspatya Samyu Barhaspatya Garga Bharadvaj Samyu Barhaspatya Rjisvan Bharadvaj Bharadvaj Barhaspatya Payu Bharadvaj

	Mandala VII (104 hymns)
1-31 32 33-100 101-102 103-104	Vashishth MaitraVaruni Vashishth MaitraVaruni Sakti Vashishth Vashishth MaitraVaruni Vashishth MaitraVaruni, Kumar Agneya Vashishth MaitraVaruni

	Mandala VIII (103 hymns)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16-18 19-22 23-25 26 27-31 32 33 34 35-38 39-41 42 43-44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57-58 59 60-61 62-65 66 67 68-69 70 71 72 73-74 75 76-78 79 80 81-83 84 85 86 87 88 89-90 91 92-93 94 95-96 97 98-99 100 101 102 103	Pragatha Kanva, Medhatithi Kanva, Medhyatithi Kanva Medhatithi Kanva, Priyamedha Angiras Medhyatithi Kanva Devatithi Kanva Brahmatithi Kanva Vatsa Kanva Punarvatsa Kanva Sadhvamsa Kanva Sasakarna Kanva Pragatha Kanva Vatsa Kanva Parvata Kanva Narad Kanva Gosuktin Kanva, Asvasuktin Kanva Irimbitha Kanva Sobhari Kanva Visvamanas Vaiyasva Visvamanas Vaiyasva, Vyasva Angiras Manu Vaivasvata or Kashyap Marichi Medhatithi Kanva Medhyatithi Kanva Nipatithi Kanva Syavasva Atreya Nabhak Kanva Nabhak Kanva, Arcananas Atreya Virupa Angiras Trisok Kanva Vasa Asvya Trita Aptya Pragatha Kanva Praskanva Kanva Pustigu Kanva Srustigu Kanva Ayu Kanva Medhya Kanva Matarisvan Kanva Krsa Kanva Prsadhra Kanva Medhya Kanva Suparna Kanva Bharga Pragatha Pragatha Kanva Kali Pragatha Matsya Sammada or Manya MaitraVaruni Priyamedha Angiras Puruhanman Angiras Suditi Purumilha Haryata Pragatha Gopavana Atreya Virupa Angiras Kurusuti Kanva Krtnu Bhargav Ekadyu Naudhasa Usidin Kanva Usana Kavya, Krsna Angiras Krsna Angiras, Visvaka Karsni Krsna Angiras, Dyumnika Vashishth, Priyamedha Angiras Nodhas Gautam Nrmedha Angiras, Purumedha Angiras Apala Atreyi Sukaksa Angiras Vindu Angiras, Putadaksa Angiras Tirasci Angiras Rebha Kashyap Nrmedha Angiras Nema Bhargav Jamadagni Bhargav Prayoga Bhargav, Agni Barhaspatya Sobhari Kanva

	Mandala IX (114 hymns)
1 2 3 4 5-24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33-34 35-36 37-38 39-40 41-43 44-46 47-49 50-52 53-60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75-79 80-82 83 84 85 86 87-89 90 91-92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99-100 101 102 103 104-105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113-114	Madhucchandas Vaisvamitra Medhatithi Kanva Sunahsepa Ajigarti Hiranyastup Angiras Asita Kashyap, Devala Kashyap Drlhacyuta Agastya Idhmavaha Darlhacyuta Nrmedha Angiras Priyamedha Angiras Nrmedha Angiras Bindu Angiras Gotama Rahugan Syavasva Atreya Trita Aptya Prabhuvasu Angiras Rahugan Angiras Brhanmati Angiras Medhatithi Kanva Ayasya Angiras Kavi Bhargav Ucathya Angiras Avatsara Kashyap Amahiyu Angiras Jamadagni Bhargav Nidhruvi Kashyap Kashyap Marichi Jamadagni Bhargav Sata Vaikhanasa Saptarishis, Pavitra Angiras Vatsapri Bhalandan Hiranyastup Angiras Renu Vaisvamitra Rsabha Vaisvamitra Harimanta Angiras Pavitra Angiras Kakshivan Dirghtamas avi Bhargav asu Bharadvaj Pavitra Angiras Prajapati Vacya Vena Bhargav Atri Bhauma, Grtsamad Saunaka, Akrsta Masa, Sikata Nivavari, Prsni Aja Usana Kavya Vashishth MaitraVaruni Kashyap Marichi Nodhas Gautam Kanva Ghaura Praskanva Kanva Pratardana Daivodasi Vashishth MaitraVaruni, Indrapramati Vashishth, Vrsagana Vashishth, Manyu Vashishth, Upamanyu Vashishth, Vyaghrapada Vashishth, Sakti Vashishth, Karnasrut Vashishth, Mrlika Vashishth, Vsukra Vashishth, Parashar saktya, Kutsa Angiras. Ambarisa Varsagira, Rjisvan Angiras Rebhasunu Kashyaps Andhigu Syavasvi, Yayati Nahusa, Nahusa Manav, Manu Samvaran, Prajapati Vaisvamitra Trita Aptya Dvita Aptya Parvata Kanva, Narad Kanva Agni Caksusa, Caksu Manav, Manu Apsava Saptarishis Gauriviti saktya, Sakti Vashishth, Uru Angiras, Rjisvan Bharadvaj Agni Dhisnya Aisvaraya Tryarun Traivrsna, Trasadasyu Paurukutsa Ananata Parucchepi Sisu Angiras Kashyap Marichi

	Mandala X (191 hymns)
1-7 8 9 10 11-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20-26 27-29 30-34 35-36 37 38 39-40 41 42-44 45-46 47 48-50 51-53 54-56 57-60 61-62 63-64 65-66 67-68 69-70 71-72 73-74 75 76 77-78 79-80 81-82 83-84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191	Trita Aptya Trisiras Tvastra Trisiras Tvastra, Sindhudvipa Ambarisa Yam Vaivasvat, Yami Vaivasvat Havirdhan Angi Vivasvan Aditya Yam Vaivasvat Sankha Yamayan Daman Yamayan Devasravas Yamayan Sankusuka Yamayan Matitha Yamayan, or Bhrgu, or Cyavana Bhargav Vimada Aindra, Vasukrt Vasukra Vasukra Aindra Kavasa Ailusa Lusa Dhanak Abhitapa Saurya Indra Muskavan Ghosa Kaksivati Suhastya GhauSeya Krsna Angiras Vatsapri Bhalandan Saptagu Angiras Indra Vaikunth Agni Saucika Brhaduktha Vamdevya Bandhu, Subandhu, Srutabandhu, Viprabandhu (Gaupayanas) Nabhanedistha Manav Gaya Plata Vasukarna Vasukra Ayasya Angiras Sumitra Vadhryasva Brhaspati Angiras Gauriviti saktya Sindhuksit Praiyamedha Jaratkarna Sarpa Airavata Syumarasmi Bhargav Agni Saucika or Sapti Vajambhara Visvakarma Bhauvana Manyu Tapasa Surya Savitri Vrsakapi Aindra, Indra, Indrani Payu Bharadvaj Murdhanvan Vamdevya Renu Vaisvamitra Narayan Arun Vaitahavya Saryata Manav Tanva Parthya Arbuda Kadraveya Sarpa Pururavas Aila, Urvasi Baru Angiras, Sarvahari Aindra Bhisag Atharvan Devapi Arstisena Vamra Vaikhanasa Duvasyu Vandana Budha Saumya Mudgala Bharmyasva Apratiratha Aindra Astak Vaisvamitra Sumitra Kautsa, Durmitra Kautsa Bhutamsa Kashyap Divya Angiras, Dakshina Prajapatya Sarama, Panis Juhu Brahmajaya Ram Jamadagnya, Jamadagni Bhargav Astadamstra Vairupa Nabhahprabhedana Vairupa Sataprabhedana Vairupa Sadhri Vairupa Upastuta Varstihavya Agniyuta Sthaura Bhiksu Angiras Uruksaya Angiras Laba Aindra Brhaddiva Atharvan Hiranyagarbh Prajapatya Citramaha Vashishth Vena Bhargav Agni, Varun, Soma Vak Ambhrni Amhomuk Vamdevya Kusika Saubhara, Ratri Bharadvaj Vihavya Angiras Prajapati Paramesthin Yajña Prajapatya Sukirti Kaksivata Sakaputa Narmedha Sudas Paijavana Mandhata Yauvanasva Kumar Yamayan Juti, Vtajuti, Viprajuti, Vrsanaka, Karikrata, Etasa, Rsyasrnga (Vatarasanas) Saptarishis Anga Aurava Visvavasu Devagandharva Agni, Pavaka Agni Trpasa Sarnga, Jaritr, Dron, Sarisrkva, Stambhamitra Atri Sankhya Urdhvasadman Yamayan Indrani Devamuni Airammada Suvedas Sairisi Prthu Vainya Arcan Hairanyastup Mrlika Vashishth Sraddha Kamayani Sasa Bharadvaj Indramatara Devajamaya Yami Vaivasvat Sirimbitha Bharadvaj Ketu Agneya Bhuvana Aptya, Sadhana Aptya Caksu Saurya Saci Paulomi Puran Vaisvamitra Yaksmanasana Prajapatya Raksoha Brahma Vivrha Kashyap Pracetas Angiras Kapota Nairrta Rsabha Vairaja Sakvara Visvamitra, Jamadagni Anila Vatayan Sabara Kaksivata Vibhrat Saurya Ita Bhargav Samvart Angiras Dhruva Angiras Abhivarta Angiras Urdhvagrava Arbuda Sunu Arbhava Patanga Prajapatya Aristanemi Tarksya Sibi Ausinar, Pratardana Kasiraja, Vasumanas Rauhidasva Jaya Aindra Pratha Vashishth, Sapratha Bharadvaj, Gharma Saurya TapurmUrdhan Barhaspatya Prajavan Prajapatya Visnu Prajapatya Satyadhrti Varuni Ula Vatayan Vatsa Agneya Syena Agneya Sarparajñi Aghamarsana Madhucchandas Samvanan Angiras

	Mandala I (191 hymns)
1-10 11 12-23 24-30 31-35 36-43 44-50 51-57 58-64 65-73 74-93 94-98 99 100 101-115 116-126 127-139 140-164 165-191	Madhucchandas Vaisvamitra Jeta Madhucchandas Medhatithi Kanva Sunahsepa Ajigarti later Devrat Vaisvamitra Hiranyastup Angiras Kanva Ghaura Praskanva Kanva Savya Angiras Nodhas Gautam Parashar saktya Gotama Rahugan Kutsa Angiras Kashyap Marichi Rjrasva Varsagira Kutsa Angiras Kakshivan Dirghtamas Parucchepa Daivodasi Dirghtamas Aucathya Agastya MaitraVaruni

	Mandala II (43 hymns)
1-3 4-7 8-26 27-29 30-43	Grtsamad Saunahotra, later Grtsamad Saunaka Somahuti Bhargav Grtsamad Saunahotra, later Grtsamad Saunaka Kurma Gartsamad Grtsamad Saunahotra, later Grtsamad Saunaka

	Mandala III (62 hymns)
1-12 13-14 15-16 17-18 19-22 23-35 36 37 38 39-53 54-56 57-61 62	Visvamitra Gathin Rsabha Vaisvamitra Utkila Katya Kata Vaisvamitra Gathin Kaushik. Vaisvamitra Gathin Vaisvamitra Gathin, Ghor Angiras Vaisvamitra Gathin Vaisvamitra Gathin, Prajapati Vaisvamitra/Vacya Vaisvamitra Gathin Prajapati Vaisvamitra /Vacya Vaisvamitra Gathin Vaisvamitra Gathin, Jamadagni Bhargav

	Mandala IV (58 hymns)
1-42 43-44 45-58	Vamdev Gautam Purumilha Sauhotra, Ajamilha Sauhotra Vamdev Gautam

	Mandala V (87 hymns)
1 2 3-6 7-8 9-10 11-14 15 16-17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25-26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33-34 35-36 37-43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50-51 52-61 62 63-64 65-66 67-68 69-70 71-72 73-74 75 76-77 78 79-80 81-82 83-86 87	Budha/ Gavisthira Atreya Kumar/Vrsa Jan Atreya Vasusruta Atreya Isa Atreya Gaya Atreya Sutambhara Atreya Dharun Angiras Puru Atreya Dvita Atreya Vavri Atreya Prayasvanta Atreya Sasa Atreya Visvasaman Atreya Dyumna Visvacarsani Atreya Bandhu, Subandhu, Srutabandhu, Viprabandhu (Gaupayanas) Vasuyava Atreya Atri Bhauma Visvavara Atreyi Gauriviti saktya Babhru Atreya Avasyu Atreya Gatu Atreya Samvaran Prajapatya Prabhuvasu Angiras Atri Bhauma Avatsara Kashyap, various Atreyas Sadaprna Atreya Pratiksatra Atreya Pratiratha Atreya Pratibhanu Atreya Pratiprabha Atreya Svasti Atreya Syavasva Atreya Srutavida Atreya Arcananas Atreya Ratahavya Atreya Yajata Atreya Urucakri Atreya Bahuvrkta Atreya Paura Atreya Avasyu Atreya Atri Bhauma Saptavadhri Atreya Satyasravas Atreya Syavasva Atreya Atri Bhauma Evayamarut Atreya

	Mandala VI (75 hymns)
1-30 31-32 33-34 35-36 37-43 44-46 47 48 49-52 53-74 75	Bharadvaj Barhaspatya Suhotra Bharadvaj Sunahotra Bharadvaj Nara Bharadvaj Bharadvaj Barhaspatya Samyu Barhaspatya Garga Bharadvaj Samyu Barhaspatya Rjisvan Bharadvaj Bharadvaj Barhaspatya Payu Bharadvaj

	Mandala VII (104 hymns)
1-31 32 33-100 101-102 103-104	Vashishth MaitraVaruni Vashishth MaitraVaruni Sakti Vashishth Vashishth MaitraVaruni Vashishth MaitraVaruni, Kumar Agneya Vashishth MaitraVaruni

	Mandala VIII (103 hymns)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16-18 19-22 23-25 26 27-31 32 33 34 35-38 39-41 42 43-44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57-58 59 60-61 62-65 66 67 68-69 70 71 72 73-74 75 76-78 79 80 81-83 84 85 86 87 88 89-90 91 92-93 94 95-96 97 98-99 100 101 102 103	Pragatha Kanva, Medhatithi Kanva, Medhyatithi Kanva Medhatithi Kanva, Priyamedha Angiras Medhyatithi Kanva Devatithi Kanva Brahmatithi Kanva Vatsa Kanva Punarvatsa Kanva Sadhvamsa Kanva Sasakarna Kanva Pragatha Kanva Vatsa Kanva Parvata Kanva Narad Kanva Gosuktin Kanva, Asvasuktin Kanva Irimbitha Kanva Sobhari Kanva Visvamanas Vaiyasva Visvamanas Vaiyasva, Vyasva Angiras Manu Vaivasvat or Kashyap Marichi Medhatithi Kanva Medhyatithi Kanva Nipatithi Kanva Syavasva Atreya Nabhak Kanva Nabhak Kanva, Arcananas Atreya Virupa Angiras Trisok Kanva Vasa Asvya Trita Aptya Pragatha Kanva Praskanva Kanva Pustigu Kanva Srustigu Kanva Ayu Kanva Medhya Kanva Matarisvan Kanva Krsa Kanva Prsadhra Kanva Medhya Kanva Suparna Kanva Bharga Pragatha Pragatha Kanva Kali Pragatha Matsya Sammada or Manya MaitraVaruni Priyamedha Angiras Puruhanman Angiras Suditi Purumilha Haryata Pragatha Gopavana Atreya Virupa Angiras Kurusuti Kanva Krtnu Bhargav Ekadyu Naudhasa Usidin Kanva Usana Kavya, Krsna Angiras Krsna Angiras, Visvaka Karsni Krsna Angiras, Dyumnika Vashishth, Priyamedha Angiras Nodhas Gautam Nrmedha Angiras, Purumedha Angiras Apala Atreyi Sukaksa Angiras Vindu Angiras, Putadaksa Angiras Tirasci Angiras Rebha Kashyap Nrmedha Angiras Nema Bhargav Jamadagni Bhargav Prayoga Bhargav, Agni Barhaspatya Sobhari Kanva

	Mandala IX (114 hymns)
1 2 3 4 5-24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33-34 35-36 37-38 39-40 41-43 44-46 47-49 50-52 53-60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75-79 80-82 83 84 85 86 87-89 90 91-92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99-100 101 102 103 104-105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113-114	Madhucchandas Vaisvamitra Medhatithi Kanva Sunahsepa Ajigarti Hiranyastup Angiras Asita Kashyap, Devala Kashyap Drlhacyuta Agastya Idhmavaha Darlhacyuta Nrmedha Angiras Priyamedha Angiras Nrmedha Angiras Bindu Angiras Gotama Rahugan Syavasva Atreya Trita Aptya Prabhuvasu Angiras Rahugan Angiras Brhanmati Angiras Medhatithi Kanva Ayasya Angiras Kavi Bhargav Ucathya Angiras Avatsara Kashyap Amahiyu Angiras Jamadagni Bhargav Nidhruvi Kashyap Kashyap Marichi Jamadagni Bhargav Sata Vaikhanasa Saptarishis, Pavitra Angiras Vatsapri Bhalandan Hiranyastup Angiras Renu Vaisvamitra Rsabha Vaisvamitra Harimanta Angiras Pavitra Angiras Kakshivan Dirghtamas Kavi Bhargav asu Bharadvaj Pavitra Angiras Prajapati Vacya Vena Bhargav Atri Bhauma, Grtsamad Saunaka, Akrsta Masa, Sikata Nivavari, Prsni Aja Usana Kavya Vashishth MaitraVaruni Kashyap Marichi Nodhas Gautam Kanva Ghaura Praskanva Kanva Pratardana Daivodasi Vashishth MaitraVaruni, Indrapramati Vashishth, Vrsagana Vashishth, Manyu Vashishth, Upamanyu Vashishth, Vyaghrapada Vashishth, Shakti Vashishth, Karnasrut Vashishth, Mrlika Vashishth, Vsukra Vashishth, Parashar saktya, Kutsa Angiras. Ambarisa Varsagira, Rjisvan Angiras Rebhasunu Kashyaps Andhigu Syavasvi, Yayati Nahusa, Nahusa Manav, Manu Samvaran, Prajapati Vaisvamitra. Trita Aptya Dvita Aptya Parvata Kanva, Narad Kanva Agni Caksusa, Caksu Manav, Manu Apsava Saptarishis Gauriviti saktya, Sakti Vashishth, Uru Angiras, Rjisvan Bharadvaj Agni Dhisnya Aisvaraya Tryarun Traivrsna, Trasadasyu Paurukutsa Ananata Parucchepi Sisu Angiras Kashyap Marichi

	Mandala X (191 hymns)
1-7 8 9 10 11-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20-26 27-29 30-34 35-36 37 38 39-40 41 42-44 45-46 47 48-50 51-53 54-56 57-60 61-62 63-64 65-66 67-68 69-70 71-72 73-74 75 76 77-78 79-80 81-82 83-84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191	Trita Aptya Trisiras Tvastra Trisiras Tvastra, Sindhudvipa Ambarisa Yam Vaivasvat, Yami Vaivasvat Havirdhan Angi Vivasvan Aditya Yam Vaivasvat Sankha Yamayan Daman Yamayan Devasravas Yamayan Sankusuka Yamayan Matitha Yamayan, or Bhrgu, or Cyavana Bhargav Vimada Aindra, Vasukrt Vasukra Vasukra Aindra Kavasa Ailusa Lusa Dhanak AbhitApa Saurya Indra Muskavan Ghosa Kaksivati Suhastya GhauSeya Krsna Angiras Vatsapri Bhalandan Saptagu Angiras Indra Vaikunth Agni Saucika Brhaduktha Vamdevya Bandhu, Subandhu, Srutabandhu, Viprabandhu (Gaupayanas) Nabhanedistha Manav Gaya Plata Vasukarna Vasukra Ayasya Angiras Sumitra Vadhryasva Brhaspati Angiras Gauriviti saktya Sindhuksit Praiyamedha Jaratkarna Sarpa Airavata Syumarasmi Bhargav Agni Saucika or Sapti Vajambhara Visvakarma Bhauvana Manyu Tapasa Surya Savitri Vrsakapi Aindra, Indra, Indrani Payu Bharadvaj Murdhanvan Vamdevya Renu Vaisvamitra Narayan Arun Vaitahavya Saryata Manav Tanva Parthya Arbuda Kadraveya Sarpa Pururavas Aila, Urvasi Baru Angiras, Sarvahari Aindra Bhisag Atharvan Devapi Arstisena Vamra Vaikhanasa Duvasyu Vandana Budha Saumya Mudgal Bharmyasva Apratiratha Aindra Astak Vaisvamitra Sumitra Kautsa, Durmitra Kautsa Bhutamsa Kashyap Divya Angiras, Dakshina Prajapatya Sarama, Panis Juhu Brahmajaya Ram Jamadagnya, Jamadagni Bhargav Astadamstra Vairupa Nabhahprabhedana Vairupa Sataprabhedana Vairupa Sadhri Vairupa Upastuta Varstihavya Agniyuta Sthaura Bhiksu Angiras Uruksaya Angiras Laba Aindra Brhaddiva Atharvan Hiranyagarbh Prajapatya Citramaha Vashishth Vena Bhargav Agni, Varun, Soma Vak Ambhrni Amhomuk Vamdevya Kusika Saubhara, Ratri Bharadvaj Vihavya Angiras Prajapati Paramesthin Yajña Prajapatya Sukirti Kaksivata Sakaputa Narmedha Sudas Paijavana Mandhata Yauvanasva Kumar Yamayan Juti, Vtajuti, Viprajuti, Vrsanaka, Karikrata, Etasa, Rsyasrnga (Vatarasanas) Saptarishis Anga Aurava Visvavasu Devagandharva Agni, Pavaka Agni Trpasa Sarnga, Jaritr, Dron, Sarisrkva, Stambhamitra Atri Sankhya Urdhvasadman Yamayan Indrani Devamuni Airammada Suvedas Sairisi Prthu Vainya Arcan Hairanyastup Mrlika Vashishth Sraddha Kamayani Sasa Bharadvaj Indramatara Devajamaya Yami Vaivasvat Sirimbitha Bharadvaj Ketu Agneya Bhuvana Aptya, Sadhana Aptya Caksu Saurya Saci Paulomi Puran Vaisvamitra Yaksmanasana Prajapatya Raksoha Brahma Vivrha Kashyap Pracetas Angiras Kapota Nairrta Rsabha Vairaja Sakvara Visvamitra, Jamadagni Anila Vatayan Sabara Kaksivata Vibhrat Saurya ITa Bhargav Samvart Angiras Dhruva Angiras Abhivarta Angiras Urdhvagrava Arbuda Sunu Arbhava Patanga Prajapatya Aristanemi Tarksya Sibi Ausinar, Pratardana Kasiraja, Vasumanas Rauhidasva Jaya Aindra Pratha Vashishth, Sapratha Bharadvaj, Gharma Saurya TapurmUrdhan Barhaspatya Prajavan Prajapatya Visnu Prajapatya Satyadhrti Varuni Ula Vatayan Vatsa Agneya Syena Agneya Sarparajñi Aghamarsana Madhucchandas Samvanan Angiras

	Mandala I (191 hymns)
1-10 11 12-23 24-30 31-35 36-43 44-50 51-57 58-64 65-73 74-93 94-98 99 100 101-115 116-126 127-139 140-164 165-191	Madhucchandas Vaisvamitra Jeta Madhucchandas Medhatithi Kanva Sunahsepa Ajigarti later Devrat Vaisvamitra Hiranyastup Angiras Kanva Ghaura Praskanva Kanva Savya Angiras Nodhas Gautam Parashar saktya Gotama Rahugan Kutsa Angiras Kashyap Marichi Rjrasva Varsagira Kutsa Angiras Kakshivan Dirghtamas Parucchepa Daivodasi Dirghtamas Aucathya Agastya MaitraVaruni

	Mandala II (43 hymns)
1-3 4-7 8-26 27-29 30-43	Grtsamad Saunahotra, later Grtsamad Saunaka Somahuti Bhargav Grtsamad Saunahotra, later Grtsamad Saunaka Kurma Gartsamad Grtsamad Saunahotra, later Grtsamad Saunaka

	Mandala III (62 hymns)
1-12 13-14 15-16 17-18 19-22 23-35 36 37 38 39-53 54-56 57-61 62	Visvamitra Gathin Rsabha Vaisvamitra Utkila Katya Kata Vaisvamitra Gathin Kaushik. Vaisvamitra Gathin Vaisvamitra Gathin, Ghor Angiras Vaisvamitra Gathin Vaisvamitra Gathin, Prajapati Vaisvamitra/Vacya Vaisvamitra Gathin Prajapati Vaisvamitra /Vacya Vaisvamitra Gathin Vaisvamitra Gathin, Jamadagni Bhargav

	Mandala IV (58 hymns)
1-42 43-44 45-58	Vamdev Gautam Purumilha Sauhotra, Ajamilha Sauhotra Vamdev Gautam

	Mandala V (87 hymns)
1 2 3-6 7-8 9-10 11-14 15 16-17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25-26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33-34 35-36 37-43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50-51 52-61 62 63-64 65-66 67-68 69-70 71-72 73-74 75 76-77 78 79-80 81-82 83-86 87	Budh/Gavisthira Atreya Kumar/Vrsa Jan Atreya Vasusruta Atreya Isa Atreya Gaya Atreya Sutambhara Atreya Dharun Angiras Puru Atreya Dvita Atreya Vavri Atreya Prayasvanta Atreya Sasa Atreya Visvasaman Atreya Dyumna Visvacarsani Atreya Bandhu, Subandhu, Srutabandhu, Viprabandhu (Gaupayanas) Vasuyava Atreya Atri Bhauma Visvavara Atreyi Gauriviti saktya Babhru Atreya Avasyu Atreya Gatu Atreya Samvaran Prajapatya Prabhuvasu Angiras Atri Bhauma Avatsara Kashyap, various Atreyas Sadaprna Atreya Pratiksatra Atreya Pratiratha Atreya Pratibhanu Atreya Pratiprabha Atreya Svasti Atreya Syavasva Atreya Srutavida Atreya Arcananas Atreya Ratahavya Atreya Yajata Atreya Urucakri Atreya Bahuvrkta Atreya Paura Atreya Avasyu Atreya Atri Bhauma Saptavadhri Atreya Satyasravas Atreya Syavasva Atreya Atri Bhauma Evayamarut Atreya

	Mandala VI (75 hymns)
1-30 31-32 33-34 35-36 37-43 44-46 47 48 49-52 53-74 75	Bharadvaj Barhaspatya Suhotra Bharadvaj Sunahotra Bharadvaj Nara Bharadvaj Bharadvaj Barhaspatya Samyu Barhaspatya Garga Bharadvaj Samyu Barhaspatya Rjisvan Bharadvaj Bharadvaj Barhaspatya Payu Bharadvaj

	Mandala VII (104 hymns)
1-31 32 33-100 101-102 103-104	Vashishth MaitraVaruni Vashishth MaitraVaruni Sakti Vashishth Vashishth MaitraVaruni Vashishth MaitraVaruni, Kumar Agneya Vashishth MaitraVaruni

	Mandala VIII (103 hymns)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14-15 16-18 19-22 23-25 26 27-31 32 33 34 35-38 39-41 42 43-44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57-58 59 60-61 62-65 66 67 68-69 70 71 72 73-74 75 76-78 79 80 81-83 84 85 86 87 88 89-90 91 92-93 94 95-96 97 98-99 100 101 102 103	Pragatha Kanva, Medhatithi Kanva, Medhyatithi Kanva Medhatithi Kanva, Priyamedha Angiras Medhyatithi Kanva Devatithi Kanva Brahmatithi Kanva Vatsa Kanva Punarvatsa Kanva Sadhvamsa Kanva Sasakarna Kanva Pragatha Kanva Vatsa Kanva Parvata Kanva Narad Kanva Gosuktin Kanva, Asvasuktin Kanva Irimbitha Kanva Sobhari Kanva Visvamanas Vaiyasva Visvamanas Vaiyasva, Vyasva Angiras Manu Vaivasvata or Kashyap Marichi Medhatithi Kanva Medhyatithi Kanva Nipatithi Kanva Syavasva Atreya Nabhak Kanva Nabhak Kanva, Arcananas Atreya Virupa Angiras Trisok Kanva Vasa Asvya Trita Aptya Pragatha Kanva Praskanva Kanva Pustigu Kanva Srustigu Kanva Ayu Kanva Medhya Kanva Matarisvan Kanva Krsa Kanva Prsadhra Kanva Medhya Kanva Suparna Kanva Bharga Pragatha Pragatha Kanva Kali Pragatha Matsya Sammada or Manya MaitraVaruni Priyamedha Angiras Puruhanman Angiras Suditi Purumilha Haryata Pragatha Gopavan Atreya Virupa Angiras Kurusuti Kanva Krtnu Bhargav Ekadyu Naudhasa Usidin Kanva Usana Kavya, Krsna Angiras Krsna Angiras, Visvaka Karsni Krsna Angiras, Dyumnika Vashishth, Priyamedha Angiras Nodhas Gautam Nrmedha Angiras, Purumedha Angiras Apala Atreyi Sukaksa Angiras Vindu Angiras, Putadaksa Angiras Tirasci Angiras Rebha Kashyap Nrmedha Angiras Nema Bhargav Jamadagni Bhargav Prayoga Bhargav, Agni Barhaspatya Sobhari Kanva

	Mandala IX (114 hymns)
1 2 3 4 5-24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33-34 35-36 37-38 39-40 41-43 44-46 47-49 50-52 53-60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75-79 80-82 83 84 85 86 87-89 90 91-92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99-100 101 102 103 104-105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113-114	Madhucchandas Vaisvamitra Medhatithi Kanva Sunahsepa Ajigarti Hiranyastup Angiras Asita Kashyap, Devala Kashyap Drlhacyuta Agastya Idhmavaha Darlhacyuta Nrmedha Angiras Priyamedha Angiras Nrmedha Angiras Bindu Angiras Gotama Rahugan Syavasva Atreya Trita Aptya Prabhuvasu Angiras Rahugan Angiras Brhanmati Angiras Medhatithi Kanva Ayasya Angiras Kavi Bhargav Ucathya Angiras Avatsara Kashyap Amahiyu Angiras Jamadagni Bhargav Nidhruvi Kashyap Kashyap Marichi Jamadagni Bhargav Sata Vaikhanasa Saptarishis, Pavitra Angiras Vatsapri Bhalandan Hiranyastup Angiras Renu Vaisvamitra Rsabha Vaisvamitra Harimanta Angiras Pavitra Angiras Kakshivan Dirghtamas Kavi Bhargav asu Bharadvaj Pavitra Angiras Prajapati Vacya Vena Bhargav Atri Bhauma, Grtsamad Saunaka, Akrsta Masa, Sikata Nivavari, Prsni Aja Usana Kavya Vashishth MaitraVaruni Kashyap Marichi Nodhas Gautam Kanva Ghaura Praskanva Kanva Pratardana Daivodasi Vashishth MaitraVaruni, Indrapramati Vashishth, Vrsagana Vashishth, Manyu Vashishth, Upamanyu Vashishth, Vyaghrapada Vashishth, Sakti Vashishth, Karnasrut Vashishth, Mrlika Vashishth, Vsukra Vashishth, Parashar saktya, Kutsa Angiras. Ambarisa Varsagira, Rjisvan Angiras Rebhasunu Kashyaps Andhigu Syavasvi, Yayati Nahusa, Nahusa Manav, Manu Samvaran, Prajapati Vaisvamitra. Trita Aptya Dvita Aptya Parvata Kanva, Narad Kanva Agni Caksusa, Caksu Manav, Manu Apsava Saptarishis Gauriviti saktya, Sakti Vashishth, Uru Angiras, Rjisvan Bharadvaj Agni Dhisnya Aisvaraya Tryarun Traivrsna, Trasadasyu Paurukutsa Ananata Parucchepi Sisu Angiras Kashyap Marichi

	Mandala X (191 hymns)
1-7 8 9 10 11-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20-26 27-29 30-34 35-36 37 38 39-40 41 42-44 45-46 47 48-50 51-53 54-56 57-60 61-62 63-64 65-66 67-68 69-70 71-72 73-74 75 76 77-78 79-80 81-82 83-84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191	Trita Aptya Trisiras Tvastra Trisiras Tvastra, Sindhudvipa Ambarisa Yam Vaivasvat, Yami Vaivasvat Havirdhan Angi Vivasvan Aditya Yam Vaivasvat Sankha Yamayan Daman Yamayan Devasravas Yamayan Sankusuka Yamayan Matitha Yamayan, or Bhrgu, or Cyavana Bhargav Vimada Aindra, Vasukrt Vasukra Vasukra Aindra Kavasa Ailusa Lusa Dhanak AbhitApa Saurya Indra Muskavan Ghosa Kaksivati Suhastya GhauSeya Krsna Angiras Vatsapri Bhalandan Saptagu Angiras Indra Vaikunth Agni Saucika Brhaduktha Vamdevya Bandhu, Subandhu, Srutabandhu, Viprabandhu (Gaupayanas) Nabhanedistha Manav Gaya Plata Vasukarna Vasukra Ayasya Angiras Sumitra Vadhryasva Brhaspati Angiras Gauriviti saktya Sindhuksit Praiyamedha Jaratkarna Sarpa Airavata Syumarasmi Bhargav Agni Saucika or Sapti Vajambhara Visvakarma Bhauvana Manyu Tapasa Surya Savitri Vrsakapi Aindra, Indra, Indrani Payu Bharadvaj Murdhanvan Vamdevya Renu Vaisvamitra Narayan Arun Vaitahavya Saryata Manav Tanva Parthya Arbuda Kadraveya Sarpa Pururavas Aila, Urvasi Baru Angiras, Sarvahari Aindra Bhisag Atharvan Devapi Arstisena Vamra Vaikhanasa Duvasyu Vandana Budha Saumya Mudgala Bharmyasva Apratiratha Aindra Astak Vaisvamitra Sumitra Kautsa, Durmitra Kautsa Bhutamsa Kashyap Divya Angiras, Dakshina Prajapatya Sarama, Panis Juhu Brahmajaya Ram Jamadagnya, Jamadagni Bhargav Astadamstra Vairupa Nabhahprabhedana Vairupa Sataprabhedana Vairupa Sadhri Vairupa Upastuta Varstihavya Agniyuta Sthaura Bhiksu Angiras Uruksaya Angiras Laba Aindra Brhaddiva Atharvan Hiranyagarbh Prajapatya Citramaha Vashishth Vena Bhargav Agni, Varun, Soma Vak Ambhrni Amhomuk Vamdevya Kusika Saubhara, Ratri Bharadvaj Vihavya Angiras Prajapati Paramesthin Yajña Prajapatya Sukirti Kaksivata Sakaputa Narmedha Sudas Paijavana Mandhata Yauvanasva Kumar Yamayan Juti, Vtajuti, Viprajuti, Vrsanaka, Karikrata, Etasa, Rsyasrnga (Vatarasanas) Saptarishis Anga Aurava Visvavasu Devagandharva Agni, Pavaka Agni Trpasa Sarnga, Jaritr, Dron, Sarisrkva, Stambhamitra Atri Sankhya Urdhvasadman Yamayan Indrani Devamuni Airammada Suvedas Sairisi Prthu Vainya Arcan Hairanyastup Mrlika Vashishth Sraddha Kamayani Sasa Bharadvaj Indramatara Devajamaya Yami Vaivasvat Sirimbitha Bharadvaj Ketu Agneya Bhuvana Aptya, Sadhana Aptya Caksu Saurya Saci Paulomi Puran Vaisvamitra Yaksmanasana Prajapatya Raksoha Brahma Vivrha Kashyap Pracetas Angiras Kapota Nairrta Rsabha Vairaja Sakvara Visvamitra, Jamadagni Anila Vatayan Sabara Kaksivata Vibhrat Saurya Ita Bhargav Samvart Angiras Dhruva Angiras Abhivarta Angiras Urdhvagrava Arbuda Sunu Arbhava Patanga Prajapatya Aristanemi Tarksya Sibi Ausinar, Pratardana Kasiraja, Vasumanas Rauhidasva Jaya Aindra Pratha Vashishth, Saprath Bharadvaj, Gharma Saurya Tapurmurdhan Barhaspatya Prajavan Prajapatya Visnu Prajapatya Satyadhrti Varuni Ula Vatayan Vatsa Agneya Syena Agneya Sarparajñi Aghamarsana Madhucchandas Samvanan Angiras

There are obviously corruptions in the Anukramanis in the form of ascriptions to fictitious composers. This is particularly the case in Mandala X, where a large number of hymns are ascribed to composers whose names, or patronyms/epithets, or both, are fictitious.

However, in the first eight Mandala, except in the case of one single hymn (VIII.47), it is very easy to identify the actual composer (by which we mean the Rishi who actually composed the hymn, or his eponymous ancestor to whose name the hymn is to be credited as per the system followed in the particular Mandala) of a hymn ascribed to a fictitious composer.

Hence, in our listing of the composers of the first eight Mandalas, we have replaced the fictitious names in the Anukramanis with the names of the actual composers, whose identity is clear from those same Anukramanis.

In all these cases, the actual composer is the Rishi of the hymn or the Rishi of the Mandala. The hymns in question are :

(1) Hymns where the entire hymn, or verses therein, are ascribed solely (in III.23 and IV.42) or alternatively (in the others) to Rishis or kings who are referred to within the hymns by the actual composer :

Hymn	Fictitious Composers	Actual Composer
I.100	Ambarisa, Sahdev, Bhayaman, Suradhas	Rjrasva
I.105	Trita Aptya	Kutsa
I.126	Bhavayavya, Romasa	Kakshivan
III.23	Devsravas, Devavata	Visvamitra
IV.42	Trasadasyu Paurukutsa	Vamdev
V.27	Trasadasyu, Tryarun, Asvamedha	Atri
VI.15	Vitahavya	Bharadvaj
VIII.1	Asanga, SaSvatI	Medhatithi
VIII.34	Vasurocis	Nipatithi

(2) Dialogue hymns, in some of which verses are ascribed to Gods and even rivers :

Hymn	Fictitious Composers	Actual Composer
I.165	Indra, Maruts, (epon.) Agastya	Agastya
I.170	Indra, (epon.) Agastya	Agastya
I.179	(epon.) Agastya, Lopamudra, a pupil	Agastya
III.33	(epon.) Visvamitra, Rivers	Visvamitra
IV.18	(epon.) Vamdev, Indra, Aditi	Visvamitra

(3) Hymns which are ascribed alternatively to the actual composers and to their remote ancestors :

Hymn	Fictitious Composers	Actual Composer
III.31	Kusika Aisirathi	Visvamitra Gathin
VIII.27-31	Manu Vaivasvata	Kashyap Marichi
VIII.71	Purumilha Angiras	Suditi Purumilha

Footnotes :

1 HCIP, p.232.

2 CCAIHO, p.78.

3 RR, Volume. II, p.634.

4 RGE, p.258.

5 HCIP, p.353.