ANGIRAS, 
              ATHARVAN AND ANU IN RIG VED
                
            
            
		    Angiras, 
              Atharvan & the Anu in the Rig ved Part - 1 :
             
            The 
              Angirasas (Angiras) are among oldest families of Rishis / Seers 
              in the Rig Ved. I cannot read the word Angiras without envisioning 
              these Rigvedic Seers as inter-stellar and inter-dimensional 'engineers', 
              astrophysicists, men and women who were masters of space technology 
              in the galaxies, and simultaneously adepts of advanced metaphysics. 
              I think of the Angirasas as World Guardians.
             
            In 
              the Rig Ved, Agni is sometimes referred to as Angiras. The supreme 
              deity of the Sumerian pantheon is AN, or Anu. The first two letters 
              of the Sanskrit word An-gir-as, AN could refer to Anu. While GIR 
              might relate to the Akkadian fire-god, fire as in rocket propulsion. 
              DinGIR in the cuneiform writing meant sky or heaven, and also a 
              god or goddess. The masters of the sky were perceived as deities 
              by the earthbound. Based on my visions, I think of Angiras and his 
              descendents the Angirasas, as a group of higher beings who traverse 
              the realms between gods & men — an inter-stellar & 
              inter-dimensional elite.
             
            "The 
              seven Rishis are identified with the seven stars of the Big Dipper. 
              Their wives are the six stars of the Pleiades (Krittikas), plus 
              one visible double star of the Big Dipper. Originally these seven 
              Rishis, sapta vipra, were identified as Angirasas." [David 
              Frawley]
            Already 
              remote mythical persons in the Rig ved
             
            The 
              Angirasas and the Bhrigu families "...represent the pre-Rigvedic 
              past: they go so far back into the past that not only are they eponymous 
              founders of these families (Angiras and Bhrigu respectively), but 
              even certain other ancient Rishis belonging to these families (Brihaspati, 
              Atharvan, Ushana) are already remote mythical persons in the Rig 
              Ved; and the names of the two families are already names for mythical 
              and ritual classes: the Angirasas are deified as 'a race of higher 
              beings between Gods and men' ...the Bhrigus and the Atharvans are 
              synonymous with fire-priests in general. ...the names of these two 
              families are also found in the Iranian and Greek texts..." 
              [Shrikant G. Talageri]
          
		    
          
		    The 
              Rig Ved & the Iranian Avesta :
             
            "To 
              those who are well versed in the ancient Vedic language Mazdaism, 
              the religion of Zend Avesta — [the book of Zarathustra, a 
              Magi, a priest of priests, the great wise man who rose in Persia] 
              — is nothing but the Rig Ved on a different key. Although 
              they are different books; and although the Rig Ved is much more 
              complex and elaborate, a comparative study of the two, specially 
              the gods and their rituals, leaves no doubt whatsoever that the 
              peoples of the Zend, and the peoples of the Veds were, if not the 
              same, at least very closely associated. Both were Aryans in origin, 
              practice and culture. The Mittani records of Bogaz Koi show presence 
              of the Rigvedic gods amongst the people of the Medes and Persia.
             
            "The 
              religion of classical Persia is very complex. The Assyro-Bablonian 
              beliefs appear to have gotten syncretised with the Aryan faith, 
              and the Vedic strains...Their chief rites embraced the cult of Fire." 
              [B. Bhattacharaya, p.177]
             
            The 
              Prosody of the RigVed & Avesta: Prosody is the study of meter 
              (Sanskrit chandas). The fundamental unit of a poetic composition 
              is a certain meter, or arrangement of syllables.
             
            "What 
              kind of pre-history it was that led to this state of the Vedic meter 
              which in general was marked by its peculiar mixture of a well-determined 
              and an independent sequence of quantities is a problem not quite 
              without a solution...afforded by the study of Avestan [Iranian] 
              literature. No one can compare the Avestan poetry with the Indian 
              [Rigvedic] poetry in its content, in its style of expression, and 
              in its entire coloring, without coming to the conclusion, on account 
              of their agreement in small details which force themselves on us 
              at every step, that both the literatures point not only to a common 
              origin of these two peoples and their religions, but also to a community 
              of Indo-Iranian religious poetry, developed in well established 
              forms.
             
            "...the 
              inter-connection of the meters in the Avesta with the most fundamental 
              forms of the Vedic prosody were recognized and were given due prominence: 
              repetition of the octo-syllabic line, three-, four-, or five-times 
              to form stanzas in the Avesta are exactly like the Gayatri, the 
              Anustubh, and the Pankti [meters] of the Ved; and the four-lined 
              stanza of the eleven-syllabled lines with the caesura after the 
              fourth syllable corresponds to the Tristubh [meter]." [Hermann 
              Oldenberg]
			  
            
          
		    Angirasas 
              came from west of the Indus and parts of Iran :
             
            Rig 
              Ved X.67.2 /in two translations :
             
            Angirasas 
              speak the truth [Rita] and think the straightness. They are the 
              sons of heaven, heroes of the mighty lord. They are able to hold 
              the seat of illumined knowledge, and to mentalise the supreme abode 
              of the Yajña. [R.L. Kashyap]
             
            Speaking 
              Truth [Rita], thinking uprightly have the sons of the Heavens, the 
              men of Asura [Asurasya virah in Sanskrit], the Angirasas, the seers 
              making their traces on the path devised the first form of sacrifice. 
              [Malati J. Shendge]
             
            Notice 
              that Kashyap does not translate the word Asurasya as Asura, but 
              calls them the 'heroes of the mighty lord' and thereby avoiding 
              the issue of one of the primary Rishis of the Rig Ved being called 
              an Asura. I'm sure Kashyap has further explanations. However Shendge 
              states that this verse clearly calls the Angirasas the men of Asura, 
              the Aryan enemy.
             
            "The 
              Angiras, the heroes of Asura, are also said to have come from the 
              DIV, literally shining spaces, the region west of the Indus including 
              the northwest frontier region of the Indian sub-continent, Baluchistan, 
              Afghanistan and parts of Iran in RV III.53.7." [Malati J. Shendge]
             
            "The 
              Angirasas are the dominant protagonist priests of the Rig Ved...but 
              it is the Bhrigus, and not the Angirasas, who are the real initiators 
              of the two main ritual systems which dominate the RigVed: the fire 
              ritual and the Soma ritual." [Shrikant G. Talageri]
             
            The 
              above quotations of scholars provide an understanding of the blending 
              of many groups of diverse people that are described in the Rig Ved 
              due to extensive migrations. These geographical areas were not separate 
              and not only were groups migrating for various reasons, but trade 
              was also going on between them.
             
            "Geographically, 
              the subcontinent [India] has been divided into three major regions...The 
              northern mountains have been described in the past as a barrier 
              to communication that isolates northern India from Asia. But in 
              effect they were rarely barriers and the north-west of the subcontinent 
              was in continuous communication with peoples and places in western 
              and central Asia. It was almost as if such communication focused 
              on the passes in the north-western mountains and intensified cross-cultural 
              activities." [Romila Thapar]
          
		    
           
		    The 
              Anus in the Punjab :
             
            "The 
              Rig Ved and the Avesta are united in testifying to the fact that 
              the Punjab (Saptasindhu...) was not a homeland of the Vedic Aryans, 
              but was a homeland of the Iranians. The Puranas as well as the Rig 
              Ved testify to the fact that the Punjab was a homeland of the Anus 
              [Anu in Sanskrit = a non-Aryan man]. ...the spread of the Anus from 
              the east and their occupation of the whole of the Punjab." 
              [Shrikant G. Talageri]
             
            From 
              the jatland website :
             
            "Sharmistha 
              was the daughter of the great Daitya King Vrishparva. She was also 
              a friend of Devayani. She was given as dowry to Yayati of the Lunar 
              dynasty, when he married Devayani, the daughter of Sage Shukracharya, 
              the guru of all Asuras. But then Yayati fell in love with Sharmistha 
              because of her beauty and character and had three sons Druhyu, Anu 
              and Puru from her.
             
            "In 
              Sumerian mythology and later for Assyrians and Babylonians, Anu 
              (also AN) was a sky-god, the god of heaven, lord of constellations, 
              king of gods, spirits and demons, and dwelt in the highest heavenly 
              regions. He was called Anu by the Akkadians, rulers of Mesopotamia 
              after the conquest of Sumer in 2334 BCE by King Sargon of Akkad. 
              By virtue of being the first figure in a triad consisting of Anu, 
              Bel and Ea, Anu came to be regarded as the father and at first, 
              king of the gods. Anu is so prominently associated with the city 
              of Uruk, Biblical Erech in southern Babylonia that there are good 
              reasons for believing this place to have been the original seat 
              of the Anu cult. If this be correct, then the goddess Inanna (or 
              Ishtar) of Uruk may at one time have been his consort. Probably 
              Uruk was the country of Aulakh Jats."
             
            Source 
              : 
             
            http://www.jatland.com/
              home/Anu 
            
			 
               
 
              
			  
            Intimate 
              connection between the Indian and Iranian :
             
            Prosody 
              in the Rig Ved: "...there cannot be any doubt as to the fundamental 
              fact of the intimate connection between the Indian and Iranian art 
              of versification [poetry]. And thus, the Vedic prosody [meter], 
              which has offered the basis for all later Indian prosody, points 
              to distant periods of the past which escapes our direct knowledge, 
              periods which the forgotten generations of the Indian, and then 
              still further back, of the Indo-Iranian Rishis sang in those same 
              most ancient meters of eight-syllabled and eleven-syllabled lines 
              of divine majesty of the Asuras and of the pressings of Soma..." 
              [Hermann Oldenberg]
             
            "The 
              passes in the north-west mountains, although arid, were less snow-bound...and 
              frequently used...Bolan, Gomal and Khyber passes. The fertile Swat 
              Valley formed another route, as did the Hunza and upper Indus Valley. 
              ...Pastoralists arriving from and returning to Afghanistan, or even 
              central Asia, traveled regularly through the passes and the valleys. 
              ...[they are] corridors of communication. Contact with what are 
              now referred to as central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan goes back 
              to the third millennium B.C. the period of the Indus cities, and 
              the passes are likely to have been used by people in even earlier 
              times." [Romila Thapar]
			  
            
            
			"The 
              name Anu or Ânava for the Iranians appears to have survived 
              even in later times: the country and the people in the very heart 
              of Avesta land, to the immediate north of Hâmûn-i Hilmand, 
              were known as late as Greek times as the Anauon or Anauoi. The names 
              of Anu tribes in the RigVed and the Puranas can be clearly identified 
              with the names of the most prominent tribes among latter-day Iranians." 
              [Shrikant G. Talageri]
             
            "...in 
              the Rig Ved the particular or exclusive priests of the Bharata (the 
              Vedic Aryans) are the Angirasas. ... The Bhrigus are clearly not 
              the priests of the Bharatas, and equally clearly they are associated 
              with a particular other tribe: the Anus. ...the names Anu and Bhrigu 
              are used interchangeably [in various verses]." [Shrikant G. 
              Talageri]
          
		    
           
		    "All 
              the seer [Rishis] families of the Rig Ved can be called Angirasas. 
              ...Angiras is the primordial Rishi per se who arises from Agni... 
              Out of this one family derives the four main Seer families in the 
              Rig Ved — the Angiras's, Bhrigu's, Kashyap's, and Atharvan's. 
              The other Vedic families are offshoots... The Angiras's are connected 
              to the Sarasvati region of the north..." [David Frawley]
             
            The 
              Angiras's were the companions of Manu, the Sanskrit Varah Avtar 
              mentioned in Puran.
             
            Manu 
              was fleeing the massive flooding [around 11,000 BC] that takes place 
              after an Ice Age. Thus the Sanskrit Manu brings up the fact of recurring 
              Ice Ages and periodic Dissolutions that are inherent on our planet 
              Earth. And which make it an ideal 'seed' bank. According to Inanna, 
              the Akkadian Noah (can be manu in Sanskrit), Utanapishtim, was one 
              the ‘offspring’ of Enki, the brother of Enlil who was 
              Inanna’s grandfather.
             
            The 
              flood story occurs in "the Sumerian legend of King Ziusudra 
              and the Akkadian legend of Utanapistim, and in the Bible as Noah. 
              Avesta has its own version of the legend associated with Yima Vivanhvat. 
              ...In the Akkadian tradition, the sage Atrhasis repeatedly tried 
              to save mankind from destruction at the hands of the gods who were 
              angered by the clamour of mankind. ...the similarity of motif brings 
              the Sumerian, Akkadian, Avesta and Vedic legends close in a shared 
              ancient tradition, spread over a wide region." 
			  
            
            
			Atharvan 
              & Angiras in Mundaka Upanishad :
             
            The 
              Angirasas are the sons of Heaven (Divasputras), who were the original 
              light-gods, the human fathers thought to possess luminous bodies, 
              the apotheosis of the rays of light. The Sanskrit word Angiras is 
              derived from ANGA, the root of which is vañj meaning to shine. 
              Angiras is seen as the first of Rishis in the Rig Ved's mantras. 
              The plural form of his name, Angirasas, denotes his direct descendents 
              or the members of the school of thought founded by him. Considered 
              by scholars as a great poet of ancient times, the Rig Ved does 
              not contain any of his actual writings. There are no compositions 
              of the poet Angiras in the Rig Ved — only those of his descendents. 
              However "a great number of poets with the patronymic Angirasas 
              have contributed to the bulk of the Rig Ved." [Thaneswar Sarmah]
             
            The 
              Ancient Rishis in the Mundaka Upanishad :
             
            The 
              Mundaka Upanishad is considered one of the oldest and most respected 
              of all the Upanishads. The first two verses of the Mundaka mention 
              how Brahmavidyâ the science of Wisdom-Knowledge was transmitted 
              :
             
            I.1.1
             
            Brahmâ, 
              the creator of all and the sustainer of the world, emerged as the 
              first of gods. He taught the science of Brahman (brahmavidyâ), 
              the basis of all sciences, to Atharvân, his eldest son.
             
            I.1.2
             
            What 
              Brahmâ imparted to Atharvân, Even that science of Brahman 
              Atharvân taught to Angira in olden days; he in turn taught 
              it to Satyavaha of the Bharadvâja clan; and Bharadvâja 
              (Satyavaha) imparted this hierarchical wisdom to Angiras. [translation 
              by Muni Narayana Prasad]
             
            Even 
              though the Atharv Ved is considered the fourth Ved, the Mundaka 
              Upanishad says in the above verse that Atharvan came before and 
              taught Angiras.
			  
            
            
			Atharvân 
              :
             
            Rig 
              Ved VI.15.17 /translated by R.L. Kashyap
             
            The 
              arrangers of works churn out this Agni like Atharvan of old. In 
              his zigzag walk, they led him who is free from ignorance [amura 
              = sharp sighted, wise, intelligent, not ignorant], from the dusky 
              nights.
             
            VI.16.13
             
            O 
              Agni, Atharvan churned you out from the Lotus [pushkarat], from 
              the head of every chanting sage.
             
            What 
              a wonderful mystical image this verse is! Atharvan is churning our 
              Fire from the Lotus-like chakra in the head of every chanting sage.
			  
            
           
		    The 
              Sanskrit word Atharvan comes from an obsolete word ATHAR meaning 
              fire. The Rishi Atharvan is said to have been the first to institute 
              the worship of fire and offer Soma. Atharvan is identical with Angiras 
              as the father of Agni [fire]. Shyam Ghosh gives the etymology of 
              the Sanskrit word Agni as AGNIT = flickering; vag = to move tortuously, 
              curling, zigzagging; the continuous expansion [brahmâ] of 
              energy is tamed as it descends on earth.
             
            "In 
              Avesta, ATAR (for athar) means fire which is the same as the Vedic 
              term Athar, which also occurs in athar-yu, flaming. The fact that 
              the Atharv Ved or Atharvangirasau was the last to be allowed the 
              status of a Ved [four] may point to non-Aryan origin of the material 
              contained in it, which will also explain the observation of archaic 
              material, older than the Rig Ved, in it." [Malati J. Shendge]
			  
            
           
		    Angiras, 
              Bhrigu, and Atharvân :
             
            The 
              three major Rishis considered the most important over all others 
              are Angiras, Bhrigu, and Atharvân — and their descendents. 
              What is intriguing in the Mundaka Upanishad verse is the fact that 
              Brahma first taught the science to Atharvân, who then taught 
              it to Angiras. The idea that Atharvân, who is the primary 
              source of the Artharva Ved, preceeds Angirâ and the subsequent 
              Angirases is puzzling.
             
            In 
              'Shaivism & the Phallic World', B. Bhattacharya says that the 
              Atharv Ved, the so-called fourth Ved, may in fact be older than 
              the RigVed: "It may be said that the Atharv Ved represents 
              a current of Indian culture that runs parallel to the current represented 
              by the other Veds; and that it is the earlier stage of that current." 
              Bhattacharya says the Atharv Ved ultimately blossomed into the 
              Agamas of the Shiva literature and Tantra, the mystic literature. 
              The fact that the Atharv Ved is more oriented to ritual, astrology, 
              and magic spells that heal, protect and even curse implies an earlier 
              connection with ancient Sumer and Babylonia, both of which were 
              known for their practices of occult ritual.
             
            B. 
              Bhattacharya: "The Atharvans could have been the Magi of the 
              Bible, because the area over which Atharvan had his sway was the 
              Asura-land, probably Sumeria and Babylonia where the Assyrian culture 
              had made its mark. That the Atharvan astrological rites were practiced 
              in, and still much in favor with these parts, is no longer doubted. 
              From Egypt to Iran spells and magic still form a large part of spiritual 
              belief."
             
            Atharvângirsah 
              :
             
            In 
              the translation of the Atharv Ved by Devi Chand, we learn that 
              its oldest name was Atharvângirsah, the combination of the 
              Atharvans and the Angirasas. "The two words denote two different 
              species of magic formula: artharvan is 'holy magic bringing happiness' 
              and angiras is 'hostile or black magic.' The former includes among 
              others formula for the healing of diseases, while the latter includes 
              curses against enemies, rivals, malicious magicians, etc. These 
              two kinds of magic formulas then form the chief contents of the 
              Atharv Ved..." [M.C. Joshi's introduction]
			  
            
           
		    In 
              his book "Ancient Mesopotamian Literature" the polymath 
              Krishna Chaitanya/K.K. Nair says this about Sumerian and Babylonia 
              magic: "...popular imagination also created a host of evil 
              spirits who were responsible for various diseases and who were exorcised 
              by spells and purification ceremonies. The chill dread of the eerie, 
              weird, unseen is vividly evoked by the references to these spirits."
             
            K.K. 
              Nair quotes from the cuneiform tablets :
             
            In 
              a section of the deep they were nurtured; neither male nor female 
              are they, destructive whirlwinds are they...
             
            He 
              stands at the side of a man, without anyone seeing him, he sits 
              at the side of a man, without anyone seeing his form.
             
            K.K. 
              Nair: "The incantations used in purification ceremonies have 
              that magical quality where the words, apart from what they mean, 
              seem to have some intrinsic power as spells." Surely all great 
              poets have this gift of imbuing words with power — and the 
              composers of the RigVed were brilliant 'Seer' poets who wrote in 
              meters.
             
            Examples 
              from Atharv Ved :
             
            III.5.1
             
            This 
              parna jewel (ampoule or capsule), full of power has come to me, 
              ruining my rivals with its power. Vigour of the bounties of Nature, 
              and essence of the medicinal plants, may this fill me with lustre 
              constantly (Parna-manih is a medicinal tablet prepared with the 
              extract of the parna leaf, to be used by patients.)
             
            III.2.5
             
            O 
              epidemic (of fear), Apvâ confounding the minds of our enemies, 
              seize their bodies and go away. Visit them again. Burn their hearts 
              with sorrows. Pierce our enemies with gripping darkness. [Also found 
              in RigVed X.103.12]
             
            X.8.2
             
            Upheld 
              by God's power [the Skamba: a pillar] these two, the heaven and 
              the earth, stand fast. All this world of life, whatever breathes 
              or shuts an eye, rests in God [verily is the Skamba itself, that 
              which upholds].
             
            X.8.3
             
            Three 
              kinds of men [rajas, tamas & sattva] are subject to transmigration 
              [have moved across our sight], but the emancipated ones attain God 
              [now enter the cosmic glows]. God, is All-pervading [stands within 
              the worlds], most refulgent like the Sun.
             
            X.8.4
             
            One 
              is the wheel, the naves are three, the fellies [felloe = the outer 
              rim of a wheel supported by spokes] are twelve. What man has understood 
              it? Three hundred and sixty spokes have been fixed therein, firmly 
              set, immoveable, as well as moveable. [To my mind here is a description 
              of the 360 degree birth-chart map in Chaldean astrology.]
             
            The 
              control of the transcendental world :
             
            The 
              early English scholars who read the Atharv Ved were conditioned 
              by Christian and European beliefs, thus were unable to view it with 
              any objectivity. These magic formulas would be familiar to anyone 
              who has studied Shamanism or "magic rituals which spread over 
              the whole earth, [and] ever recur with the most surprising similarity 
              in the most varying peoples of all countries. ...Above all, the 
              principle aim of the Atharv Ved is to appease (the demons), to 
              bless (friends), and to curse... At their origin, magic and cult 
              both have the identical aim — the control of the transcendental 
              world." [M.C. Joshi]
             
            Atharv 
              Ved"is also connected with subsequent development of Tantric 
              system." Again we find the statement by yet another Indian 
              scholar that the Atharv Ved is the source of Tantra. Also it appears 
              that only two of the nine branches of the Atharv Ved have survived. 
              In support of its varied content the author says that the Atharv 
              Ved also "contains remarkable references to various aspects 
              of spiritual and temporal importance like Brâhmavidyâ 
              (the science), Prithivi or Mother earth, kingship, marriage, treatment 
              of ailments, poetics, etc." [M.C. Joshi]
			  
            
           
		    Scholars 
              today have dismissed the idea that ancient India was invaded: "...it 
              may be stated that the people connected with the Atharv Ved were 
              broadly of the same group that composed the other Veds and were 
              not invaders at all." The Aryan invasion theory came from the 
              west; some say to justify their own invasion — meaning the 
              East India Company that dominated India for some 200 years. Instead 
              we find waves of migrations and local wars. Surely this is reasonable 
              logic as all human beings in groups inevitably disagree and conflict. 
              "...Aryan or the people associated with the Vedic cultures 
              had much diversity amongst themselves." [M.C. Joshi introduction 
              to the Atharv Ved translated by Devi Chand].
             
            Angiras, 
              Atharvan & the Anu in the Rig ved Part - 2 :
			  
            
           
		    
           
		    The 
              names Anu and Bhrigu are used interchangeably :
             
            According 
              to Talageri the names Anu and Bhrigu are used interchangeably. Remember 
              that the Bhrigu are one of the three most important Rishi family 
              names in the Rig Ved: Angiras, Bhrigu, and Atharvân. We have 
              already identified Angiras and Atharvân as possibly coming 
              from an even older tradition than the Aryan Rig Ved. This conjecture 
              is attested to in that the oldest name of the Atharv Ved is Atharvângirsah 
              — and is a text that prescribes spells, astrological and magical 
              rituals, and content similar to Sumer and Babylonia. Therefore as 
              the scholars have suggested the Atharv Ved may represent a Vedic 
              connection with Sumer and Babylonia, both of which are known for 
              their occult and magic rituals. "From Egypt to Iran spells 
              and magic still form a large part of spiritual belief." [B. 
              Bhattacharya]
             
            Atharv 
              and Angiras represent two aspects of magical practices :
             
            The 
              research of Thaneswar Sarmah also states that the earliest name 
              of the Atharv Ved is Atharvângirsah, and then Bhrigvangiras. 
              In ancient India Atharv and Angiras represent two aspects of magical 
              practices: Shanta and Ghora. The Atharv's are mentioned as Pitris 
              [ancestors] with the groups of Angirasas [X.14.6]. In RigVed III.2.4 
              Agni is said to be the gift of Bhrigus, who kindled Agni for the 
              sake of the people [IV.7.1]. The Angirasas and the Bhrigus are mentioned 
              together, but nowhere are the Bhrigu's and the Atharv's mentioned 
              together.
              
              Therefore we may assume that Atharv came before Angira and Bhrigus 
              — as is indicated in the opening verse of the Mundaka Upanishad: 
              "What Brahmâ imparted to Atharv, even that science of 
              Brahman Atharv taught to Angira in olden days..." — therefore 
              some scholars think the essence of Atharv Ved is from an even earlier 
              period than the Rig Ved, perhaps the remnants and recollections 
              of a religion of magic, rituals and protective healing spells as 
              practiced in ancient Sumer and Akkad, passed on down in memory through 
              the generations to India.
			  
            
          
		    Sources 
              :
             
            Shaivism 
              and the Phallic World, by B. Bhattacharya; Vols. I & II; Munshiram 
              Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1993.
             
            Prolegomena 
              on Metre and Textual History of the RigVed, by Hermann Oldenberg, 
              Berlin 1888 translated into English by V.G. Paranjape and M.A. Mehendale; 
              Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd., Delhi, 2005.
             
            The 
              Civilized Demons: The Harappans in RigVed, by Malati J. Shendge; 
              Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 1977. [now in Kindle at amazon]
             
            The 
              Aryas: Facts Without Fancy & Fiction, by Malati J. Shendge; 
              Rangadatta Vadekar Centre for the Study of Indian Tradition, Abhinav 
              Publications, New Delhi, 1996. The Language of the Harappans: From 
              Akkadian to Sanskrit, by Malati J. Shendge; Abhinav Publications, 
              New Delhi, 1997.
             
            The 
              Rig Ved and the History of India, by David Frawley; Aditya Prakashan, 
              New Delhi, 2001, 2003.
             
            The 
              RIGVed, A Historical Analysis, by Shrikant G. Talageri; Aditya 
              Prakashan, New Delhi, 2000, 2004.
             
            EARLY 
              INDIA: From the Origins to AD 1300, by Romila Thapar; University 
              of California Press, 2002.
             
            The 
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            * 
              Indus Civilization images from Wiki Commons
             
            Rig 
              Ved X.129 :
            
              6.
             
            Who 
              here can grasp the colossal
             
            boundless 
              far-reaching entirety?
             
            This 
              universe is only a fraction,
             
            a 
              single portion of the infinite forever
             
            Oneness 
              measureless.
            
              Who can speak further of far away creation?
             
            On 
              this side of it the One that moved integrating
             
            became 
              the senses for perceiving,
             
            thus 
              sliding away afar.
            
              7.
             
            As 
              we are ever in motion
             
            opening 
              unfolding the God-within,
             
            so 
              the axis of the universe is
             
            undulating, 
              two serpents embracing,
             
            all 
              pervading within the highest creation,
             
            even 
              far away space ever expanding,
             
            stretched 
              out and spreading in all directions.
            
              We know not if it can be held,
             
            the 
              continuum - indeed
             
            if 
              it can be known at all.
             
            Source 
              : 
             
            http://www.metaphysicalmusing.com/
              articles/rigVed2012/rigVed004.htm
         
		    
           
		    Website 
              Source :
             
            http://www.inannareturns.com/
              articles/rigVeda2015/AnuPart1.htm
             
            http://www.inannareturns.com/
              articles/rigVeda2015/AnuPart2.htm