COMPLETE MAHABHARAT

"Map of ancient Indian kingdoms during Mahabharat periods"

The Mahabharat Epitomizes The Indian Genre Of historical literature, known as Itihas. It is the country's most famous history and epic poem. Yet it is far more than an ordinary narrative of events leading up to a great war, and encompasses both a philosophy of life as well as a code of conduct.

The German Indologist Hermann Oldenberg observed :

"In the Mahabharat breathe the united soul of India and the individual souls of her people." The Mahabharat itself states that that which is not found here cannot be found elsewhere, so comprehensive is its treatment of dharma and the philosophy of life.

Two of the most popular prayers of the Hindus, the Vishnu Sahastranaam (revealed by a dying Bhishma to Yudhisthir) and the Bhagvat Gita (enunciated by Krishna to a distraught Arjun on the battlefield, on the very eve of the war), come down to us from the Mahabharat.

Note :

We have used for references The Mahabharat of Krishna-Dwaipayan Vyas, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, published between 1883 and 1896.

Author of Mahabharat :

Reference - This content is based mainly on Ch. V of book by Sandhya Jain: Adi Deo Arya Devta - A Panoramic View of Tribal-Hindu Cultural Interface, Rupa & Co, 7/16, Ansari Road Daryaganj, New Delhi, 2004

[Page-110] The epic has traditionally been attributed to Vyas, son of the sage Parashar and scion of the priestly Vashisth family, which was connected with the royal lineage of the Bharat. Vyas is believed to have attempted a cultural fusion of the diverse elements inhabiting the subbcontinent by incorporating the popular legends, royal eulogies and relgious poetry of the different regions, thus binding them in a geographical and cultural unity. The bard Gustavo (one who has an astonishing capacity to hear) was the first to publicly recite the epic at the sacrifice of the chancellor Saunak (I.1.1).

The cultural material of the epic renders it an indivisible and organic whole that is intrinsic to the understanding of the Indian ethos. The Mahabharat provides a panoramic view of the society, politics and culture of the subcontinent. The present chapter is concerned with its census-like enumeration of tribes and the knowledge it reveals about their geographical location, physical and material qualities, and moral spiritual) fiber.

Dating of Mahabharat :

Scholars generally concur that the Mahabharat cannot be dated with accuracy. However, the era from 1000 BC to 500 AD, during which the country's social and political institutions underwent considerable change and upheaval, is normally accepted for dating the epic There is also a view that the epic's core story hails from a much earlier period. The cultural material in Books XII and XIII possibly belong to the pre-Buddha era, while the ethnographically material (Which includes several names that remain untraced to this day ) is very ancient. K.C. Mishra believes that the list of tribes cataloged in connection with the Great War may therefore belong to a tradition prior to the Buddha. The period from 1000 BC to 500 BC broadly tallies with the age of the janapadas, wherein tiny tribal oligarchies vied for supremacy among themselves; the Mahabharat reflects the society and ethnography of thls peeriod, and depicts the thrus towards strong centralized political authority though a noteworthy political [Page-111] integration of a large part of the country was not achieved until the rise of Mauryas.

The Vedas, Brahmanas and Purans mention tribes of different periods. The Rigveda discusses three categories of people, namely Arya, Dasa and Asurs The Rig Vedic Aryas comprised several tribes, which increased in number over a period of time. Some tribes listed in the Rig Veda retain their names down to the present, such as the Yadu, Puru, Shiv, among others, while others changed their names following division and migration to new lands. The famous Dasharajnya yuddh (RV VII.18) probably recalls an intra-tribal feud. Brahman literature also depicts early Indian ethnography. The Bhuvanakos chapters of the Purans deal with the ethnography of ancient India, and are also included in the Epic (VI.I-13).

While the Rig Ved shows little knowledge of the region outside the Saptasindhu, the epics and Purans tend to use geographical names, such as Sindhu, Panchal, Matsya (RV 7.18.9), Chedi, Kashi, Koshal, and so on. Yet it is only in the janapad period that the land and people become closely intermeshed. The Mahabharat speaks not only of Arya peoples, but of all beings. It speaks of Dev, Danav, Gandhar, Yaksh, Rakshash, Nag, and other groups, though scholars are not certain if these were really a class of people who played a role in the events narrated in the epic, or constitute the remnants of an antique tradition that was incorporated into the story.

The Mahabharat ethnographers classified the natives of the land into three broad categories, namely, Arya, Malech (alien) and Misra (mixed).

Aryanization of native tribes :

[Page-112] The incorporation of native tribes into Arya culture began at a very early stage. From the new evidence coming to light about tribal kingdoms in the Gupta and post-Gupta period, and their impulse towards cultural homogenization within their region through acceptance of the Sanskrit language and Brahmin priests and officers, we can surmise that this trend was most likely the result of a natural socio-cultural-political evolution rather than external stimuli. What makes the Mahabharat of special interest is the fact that it reveals a stage when the earliest tribal (kinship) grouping submitted to a larger regional national identity under the pressure of the emergence of some powerful Kshatriya kingdoms. The epic thus reflects a decline in tribal culture and transition to states.

The simplest definition of a tribe is a group of clans claiming common descent and united for a common purpose, such as war or sacrifice; it constitutes the oldest form of social organization and generally originates in a specific territory. The earliest terms used for such an organized human group in the Rig Veda were jana and vis. Zimmer regarded vis as identical with the tribe and different from grama which, he felt, represented a clan and was midway between family (kul) and tribe (vis). A.C. Das believed that an aggregation of Vedic families formed a gotra, a group, of gotras constituted a gosthi, and gosthis became a grama. A number of gramas formed a vis, (district) and an aggregate of the latter formed a jana (tribe). The word vis implies settlers and marks a change from the nomadic state; it was probably an early form of the janapada, the term used in later Vedic texts.

By the time of the Arthasastra, the word janapad (foothold of a tribe) connoted an administrative unit such as a district, country or state, which suggests that the older tribal settlers had merged into a much wider peasantry. The term rashtra, though Kautilya is not explicit about its usage, probably suggests a

[Page-113] distinction between lands cultivated by the state (sita) and private lands (rashtra). Sita lands were managed by the state agriculture department under an officer called sitadhyaksha. Kosambi observes that at one time rashtra signified small tribal oligarchies which paid tributes (bali) to the sovereign of the janapada, which Greek visitors described as the free cities in India. In later periods, the distinction between rashtra and sita land disappeared and the former came to signify country or nation. Thus, the janapads were the last stage in the evolution of an ancient tribal organization. However, a janapad was not merely an area with a single authority for all inhabitants, but also denoted a cultural Unit.

Famous Warrior Tribes :

The epic Mahabharat Parvas which mention about the tribes are as under with chapters :

Note :

This table is compiled by Laxman Burdak.

The most remarkable aspect of the Mahabharat war was the recruitment by both the Pandavs and Kauravs of a veritable host of primitive tribes from jungles and inaccessible valleys, without discrimination, into their respective armies. Bands of fierce jungle tribes, known as atavika formed the bulk of the fighting forces on both sides (II.5.53; XV.7; 7). The epic duly acknowledged individual tribal warriors such as Eklayya (a Bhil) and Ghatotkach (a Rakshash) for their legendary courage and fighting skills.

The epic displays intimate knowledge of the different tribes in the different regions, as also of the special fighting skills for which they were renowned. Bhishma instructed Yudhisthir (XII.102) to recruit people in the various wings of the army after studying their particular modes of fighting. He expressed a preference for frontier peoples for handling different missiles, while the Gandhar, Sindhu, and Sauvir tribes were accomplished in fighting With nails and lances. The Usinars were skilled in all weaponry, while the easterners were adept in elephant-back [Page-114] warfare, and notorious for using unfair tricks in fighting (Kutaayodhinah, XII.102.19f).

The Yavan, Kamboj and Sursen tribes (Mathura region) were proficient in fighting duels, and were also expert infantrymen (niyuddhakusal). The southern tribes were competent with the sword (XII.102.3-5), while the northwest frontier and Central Asian tribes were expert cavalrymen. The epic made a special mention of the Kamboj horse (VI.88) and the redoubtable Kamboj warriors who were celebrated for their stiff resistance, unity, discipline and military strategy (VII. 87.42f, 95.20).

The Shakas were reputed to be as powerful as Indra (VII.111.50). The Gandhar horsemen were skilled with the lance (prasa;, VII.6.3). The Ambashths wielded the club with dexterity (gada, VII.68.59). The fearsome Trigart warriors (comprising the Lalittha, Malva, Mavellak and Yaudheya tribes) took a ritual oath to "do" or "die" (VII.16). The Madra army was notable for its unique paraphernalia (V.8.3f).

The eastern tribes were experts in fighting on elephant back. The Magadh army was renowned for elephant warfare (V.164.24) and their king, Jarasandha, fought on elephant back (VII.91-26). Yet the most gifted fighters on elephant back were the tribes of Pragjyotish (Assam), who trained their elephants to fight an offensive (not just defensive) war, as seen in the narrative about the elephant of king Bhagadatt (VII.25.26f) who led an army of Kirats and Chinas. The Kirats fought on elephants (VII.87.28f) and applied poison to their arrows (VII.87.30f).

Salvs were adept at the Asur mode of fighting (III.22,23), while the Shaks, Yavans, Parads and Balhiks were proficient in trick-fighting (VII.68.41.42). The Dravids were capable warriors. The northern mountaineer tribes fought with stone weapons, a method of fighting (asmayuddha) unknown amongst the Kurus and other plains tribes (VII.97.29f)

Tribes in the Great War :

[Page-115] The Mahabharat records the names of tribes existing at the time of the Great War, thus reflecting the power and prestige of the tribal settlements, which were then a major political and military force. The tribal inventory has great historical value for modern scholars.

Broadly, there are following principal lists in Mahabharat :

Names of the principal Nag chiefs : Adi Parv, Mahabharat / Mahabharat Book I Chapter 35

Names of all those Nags that fell into the fire of the snake-sacrifice : Adi Parv, Mahabharat / Mahabharat Book I Chapter 57

Genealogy of the Danavs, Asurs, Kauravs, Pandavs, Gandharvs, Apsaras, Rakshasah : Adi Parv, Mahabharat / Mahabharat Book I Chapter 67

Genealogies of Yadavs, Kurus, Bharats: Adi Parv, Mahabharat / Mahabharat Book I Chapter 75

Kshatriyas came on Swayamvar of Draupadi : Adi Parv, Mahabharat / Mahabharat Book I Chapter 188

Comprising respectively the tribes defeated by Yudhisthir's four brothers (Sabha Parv, Book 2 Chapters 23-29

Tribes bringing gifts at Yudhisthir's consecration as king emperor Sabha Parv, Book 2 Chapters 45-48

Tribes mentioned in the 'geography' in Bhishma Parv, Book 6 Chapter X

Kings and warriors of various tribes, who came to the ceremony for investing Kartikeya with the status of generalissimo : Shalya Parv, Book IX Chapter 44

The tribes that participated in the Kurukshetra War find repeated mention in the daily battle formations of both sides. Some minor list of peoples are recorded in the digvijayas undertaken by the warriors on both sides (Robert Shafer prepared thirteen lists based on the Critical Edition). However, as the epic's ethnography is coloured by the Great War, the tribes mentioned (on the battlefield or in connection with conquests) are mainly the ruling clans of warrior tribes. The Mahabharat, it is worth recollecting is the story of India's greatest war since the Rig Vedic Battle of Ten Kings, and hence documents the largest number of tribes. An almost equal number of tribes fought on both sides of the conflict. Scholars consider the "geographical list" at the beginning of the war as an archetype of similar narratives in the Purans.

The geographical list attempts to specify the locations of the various settlements of Bharatvarsh. It was probably compiled by a geographer of Madhyadesa,who placed the Kuru-Panchala country at the centre of his efforts and enumerated the various lands and people, arriving at a fairly comprehensive ethnographic dictionary of India. The tribal tributes to Yudhisthira give an idea of the wealth of the janapadas (Upayanaparva list) and document the economic products of India. Of course, it is not possible to clearly identify all the Mahabharat tribes today

[Page-116] as tribal migrations and changes of name were fairly common. Another problem encountered is that the lists of peoples include those belonging to the pre-historic period as well as those of a later age. Altogether some 361 tribes have been listed, not all of which can be clearly located or identified; indeed, many of the tribes listed by K.C. Misra are also the names of clans, kingdoms, regions and territories.

Tribes listed on Pandav Side :

Page-116

1. Asmaka :

The Purans associate them with the Iksvaku line of Kshatriyas and Buddhist scriptures refer to their land as a Mahajanapada. Identified with Paithan in Aurangabad district, this janpad may have comprised modern Nasik and Aurangabad. Fought with the Pandavs (VII. 61.39).

Asrodh Jat Gotra started after The Mahabharat Tribe named Ashmak.

2. Kanana :

Possibly Karush; fought for the Pandavs.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kanana may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kanara who live in Jaipur district in Rajasthan.

3. Karush :

A very ancient tribe and prominent ally of Pandavs; possibly hailed from the south of Kashi. (VI.10.39)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Karusha may be identified with Jat Gotra - Karesia who live in Chittorgarh and Tonk districts in Rajasthan.

4. Kashi :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.38 and 40); were important allies of the Pandavs.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kashi may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kasya. At present Kasya gotra Jats live in Mandsaur district in Madhya Pradesh. They are in villages Malhargarh in Mandsaur district.

5. Kuninda :

A widely spread tribe in the Terai of Hardwara (III.141.25), possibly of Kirata stock. Also known as Kulinda (from the river Kalindi), their coins have been found near the source of the Yamuna-Ganga. Dwelled north of the Yamuna from Dehradun to Jagadhri. They were the first tribe to be subjugated by Arjuna when he moved northwards from Khandavaprastha (II.23.13 ). Sided with the Pandavs in the war and attacked the Kauravs with a formidable army of elephants (VIII.62.33ff).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kuninda may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kunawan who live in Village Renwal in Jaipur district, Rajasthan.

The Salvas were a branch of the Madras and were ruling at Sialkot. These Madras had a branch named Kuninda, who were related to Koliya Naga. We know that the Madras were Vahikas and Jartas. Since according to grammatical illustration of Chandra-gomin the Jarta defeated the Huns, which means Skanda Gupta defeated the Huns. Hence Guptas were Jartas or Jat. Page 117

6. Kundivisa :

A tribe with professional soldiers who fought on both sides, they constituted a wing in Yudhisthira's army (VI.46.49).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kundivisa may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kundu

7. Kunti :

An important tribe (VI. 10.41) of the Bhojas, dwelled near Gwalior. Their king Kunti- Bhoja had matrimonial relations with Pandu; sided with the Pandavs.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kunti may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kuntal or Khutel

8. Kekaya :

Famous bowmen in the Great War (VIII.9), Linked with Madra. They were equally divided on both sides. (VII. 61.39)

The Kekayas were often associated with the Madras, the Usinaras, the Sibis etc and their territory had formed a part of the Vahika (Jat) country, according to the evidence furnished by Panini.

9. Kerala :

A southern Dravida people (VI.10.57) who stood by Yudhishthira in the war (VIII. 8 .15).

10. Chedi :

An ancient tribe and power of Madhyadesa, probably Bundelkhand region. Their king, Sishupala allied with Jarasandha, but after the latter's death, his son became an ally of the Pandavs and sided with them in the Great War (VI.10.39)

11. Chola :

Hailed from present Tanjore and sided with the Pandavs under the influence of the Pandya king. (VI.46.50).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Chola may be identified with Jat Gotra - Choyal Chol.

12. Tangana / Paratangana :

Famous pair of northern mountaineer tribes (III.141.24), they fought on both sides (VI.46.49; VII.197.36; etc.).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Tangana may be identified with Jat Gotra - Tangal or Tangar.

13. Tamralipta :

In the tribute list (II.48.17), probably modern Tamluk, Bengal. They joined the Pandavs in the war (VIII.17.2).

14. Tittira :

A northwestern tribe that sided with Yudhisthira (VI.46.50). Their land was famous for its fine horses (VI.86.4), (IX.44.80)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Tittira may be identified with Jat Gotra - Tatran or Titarwal Page 118

15. Tumbupa :

Sided with Yudhisthir (VI.46.51); probably hailed from the region north of Narwar stretching from the foothills of the Vindhyas.

16. Dandaka :

Defeated by Sahdev (II.28.43); they belonged to the forest regions of Bundelkhand. Joined both sides in the war (Pandavs VI.46.49; Kaurav, Vl.47.16)

Though Dandaka was mentioned in the epic Ramayan, with great detail, a few mentions of this kingdom is found in the epic Mahabharat. In Sahadev's conquests - Sahadev, the Pandav general, and younger brother of Pandav king Yudhisthir, came to southern regions to collect tribute for the Rajasuya sacrifice of the king. Sahadev, having exacted jewels and wealth from king Rukmin (ruling at the second capital of Vidarbh, named Bhojakat), marched further to the south. There he, reduced to subjection, Surparaka and Talakat, and the Dandaks also. The Kuru warrior then vanquished and brought under his subjection numberless kings of the Malech tribe living on the sea coast (2,30).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Dandak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Dandak.

17. Dashar/Dasharn :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.39); possibly from the western Vindhya region. Sided with Yudhishthira (VI.4).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Dasharn may be identified with Jat Gotra - Dashpuri

18. Dasherak :

A northern tribe, sided with the Pandavs (VI.112.108)(VI.46.46).

19. Dravid :

A southern tribe (VI.10.57), joined the Pandavs (viii.8.14).

20. Nishad :

In the 'geography' (VI. 10.50); subdued by Bhim (II.27.10) and also Sahdeva (II.28.5). Fought on both sides in the Great War (Pandav, VI.46.47; Kaurav, VI.112.108). Their strongholds covered the entire Vindhya ranges.

21. Patachchar :

A tribe of the south-west, defeated by Sahdev (II.28.4); they joined Yudhisthira's army (VI.46.47). The epic (II.13.25) lists them with the Yadav and Bhoj tribes who fled westwards for fear of Jarasandh.
(II.13.24)

Patachchar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Pachar

22. Pamsu Rashtra :

Gave rich tributes to Yudhisthira (II.48.26). Joined the Pandavs (V.II.20).

23. Panchal :

Major allies of the Pandavs; they played an important part in the epic (VI.10.40)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Panchal may be identified with Jat Gotra - Pachare. Page 119

24. Pandya :

A Tamil people defeated by Sahdeva (II.28.48) and Karna (III.241.50). Joined Yudhisthir's army (VI.46.50).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Pandya may be identified with Jat Gotra - Pandya who live in Tonk district in Rajasthan.

25. Pishach :

Fought in Yudhisthir's army (VI.46.15) as well as the Kuru army (VI.83.8); probably from the region of Kashmir.

26. Pundra / Paundrak :

An eastern tribe which joined both armies (Pandavs VI.46.49; Kauravs VIII.17.2).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Pundra may be identified with Jat Gotra - Pundir.

27. Paurav :

The Cr. Ed. reads Parad, who brought tribute to Yudhisthir (II.47.10 and II.48.12). The Pauravs joined the Pandavs (VI.46.47 and VI.52.13). Arjun conquered a Paurav settlement near Kashmir.

28. Prayag :

Were in the army of Yudhisthira (VI.46.46); could hail from Prayag region.

29. Bhadra :

Associated with Rohitaka and Agreya in Karna's conquest (III. 241.67). They had many branches and fought on both sides in the war (Pandavs VI.52.9 and Kauravs VI.47.9).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Bhadra may be identified with Jat Gotra - Bhadu

30. Magadh :

Magadh was the most powerful country before the rise of the Pandavs at Indraprasth, but after the fall of Jarasandh, the empire was divided. Jarasandh's son Sahdev was installed by Pandavs at their capital Giribraja (Rajgir) and supported them in the War. His brother Jalasandh and other princes of Magadh sided with the Kauravs (V.64.6, 164.9) (VIII. 17.2)

31. Madak :

A northern tribe in Yudhisthir's army (VI.46.49).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Madak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Madkalya who live in Tonk district in Rajasthan.

32. Matsya :

An ancient people from time of the Rig Veda. The Mbh (II.13.27) records their defeat at the hands of Jarasandha. They were prominent allies of the Pandavs who lived incognito for one year at the court of King Virat.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Matsya may be identified with Jat Gotra - Machhar found in Jaipur and Alwar districts in Rajasthan Page 120

33. Marudha (-ka, -bhauma) :

Defeated by Sahdev in the south (II.28.7), they may be the Madhka in Yudhisthira's army. Both 'Maru' and 'Mada' are found in inscriptions; could refer to Jodhpur and Jaisalmer states (modern Marwar). Marudhanva is a term for desert and Marudha may, derive from it.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Marudha may be identified with Jat Gotra - Mirdha.

34. Ladak :

Fierce northern tribes who joined the army of Yudhisthir (VI.46.18).

35. Vats :

A prominent ancient people from modern Allahabad, mentioned in the 'geography' (VI. 10.39). They sided with Yudhisthir in the War (VI.50.51).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Vats may be identified with Jat Gotra - Vats found in District Muzaffarnagar in Uttar Pradesh. This gotra originated after an ancient kingdom of the same name.

36. Vrishnis :

The principal branch of the Yadava confederacy, which ruled in Anarta. Krishna belonged to this tribe (Vrsninam Vasudevosmi, Gita, X.37). Satyaki, an important leader, fought valiantly for the Pandavs. They are mentioned in the tribute list as a northwestern people, and numismatic evidence suggests a Vrishni settlement in northern Punjab. It is likely that a branch of the Vrishnis and Kukurs migrated from Dwarka after its downfall and settled in Punjab (VI.20.14).

37. Shavar :

A southern tribe, they joined the Pandavs in the war (VI. 46.51).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Shavar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Shiwar.

38. Hun :

A wild northwestern tribe (I. 165.35) which joined the army' of Yudhisthir. Indian Huns came from the east of Lake Mansarovar in Nari-Khorsam (VI .10.64)

Tribes listed on Kaurav :

Page 121

1. Ang :

An ancient eastern tribe and one of the Mahajanapadas in the Bauddha period, it constituted the core of the confederacy of five kingdoms of Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Suhma and Pundra. According to the Mbh. and other sources, Anga comprised the present districts of Bhagalpur and Monghyr. It was under the suzerainty of the Kuru king, and hence Duryodhana could make Karna its ruler. Anga supported the Kauravs in the Great War (VIII. 17.2).

2. Andhak :

A branch of the Yadava confederacy, headed by Krtavarma. They alone sided with the Kauravs among the Yadavas (V.19.17) (VI.20.14).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Andhak may be identified with Jat Gotras - Andar, Andhala, Andhi, Audhran, Odhran, Oka, Ond etc.

3. Andhra :

A very ancient tribe mentioned as Dasyus in the Aitareya Brahman (VII.18), as the result of a curse by Vishwamitra. Linked with Pulind, Khas, Nishad and other low peoples, they fought for Duryodhan (VIII. 51.17). The Mbh. (XII.200.40) describes them as natives of the south. (VI.10.48)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Andhra may be identified with Jat Gotra - [[Taka] or Takhar, Name of their tribe was Andhra.

According to Thakur Deshraj there was a great king in Andhra-vansh named Hala around 69 AD. The descendants of Maharaj Hala came from south to north and settled in uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. The Jat groups of these Kshatriyas were known as Hala.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Andhra may be identified with Jat Gotra - Andar or Andara is Jat gotra same a Andhak.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Andhra may be identified with Jat Gotra - Andhrana.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Andhra may be identified with Jat Gotra - Vadiar.

4. Abhisar :

Mentioned in Rajatarangini, which locates their territory in the hill states of Rajapuri (Rajauri). An infamous and barbarous tribe in Mbh. (VII.68.42); their clans fought on both sides, but were generally with the Kauravs. (VI.10.52)

5. Ambasth :

A very ancient people, mentioned in Aitareya Brahmana (VIII.11). Ptolemy refers to them as Ambastai; they settled on the lower Chenab in Punjab and were important in the Kaurav army (II.48.14) Page 122.

6. Avanti :

Joined the Kaurav army and hailed from western Malwa (capital Ujjain). Linked with the Haihaya dynasty in Furanic genealogy.

7. Ashvatak :

Sided with Duryodhan (Mbh. VI 47.15).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Ashvatak may be identified with nagavanshi Jat Gotras - Ashwatar.

8. Ajaneya :

Part of the Gandhar king's army (VIII.4.96); fought for the Kurus.

Anjai is a place in Uttar Pradesh. It was the kingdom of Andhaka or the Antal gotra Jats.

9. Abhir :

Ancestors of the modern Ahirs; were possibly confined to the Punjab and Mathura regions in the epic period. Krishna was brought up in an Abhir family. The Mbh. (II.29.9) states they lived in the western desert where the Sarasvati dried up in Vinasan out of hatred for them (IX.37.21f).Joined the Kauravs (VII.10.7).

10. Aratt :

A north-western tribe; part of the forces of Kritvarma (VII.165.69).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Aratt may be identified with Jat Gotra - Aratt, Artat.

H. L. Kosare after Mahabharat informs that Aratts had their three branches Takk, Vahik and Jartik. All the tree branches belong to Jats.

11. Arevak :

Fought in the Kuru army (VI.47.7). Possibly from southern Baluchistan.

12. Karnapravarna :

A Vindhya tribe defeated by Sahdev (II.28.44), they brought tribute to Yudhisthir. Joined the Kaurav army (VI.47.13).

13. Kamboj :

An ancient tribe neighbouring Gandhar; in the forefront of Duryodhan's army. Their king Sudakshin was one of the maharathis in the Great Battle and died at the hands of Arjun (VII.67.67).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kamboj may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kamboj Kamboh who are descendants of rishi Kondilya. They are also called Kamedia.

14. Kitav :

Brought tributes to Yudhisthir (II.47.10); joined the Kauravs in the war (VI.18.12). Possibly an ancient Makran tribe as the gifts they bore match the products of Makran. Their king Uluk (IX.I.1.25) was the son of Shakuni (VI.68.5).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kitav may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kitawat who live in Jaipur district in Rajasthan. Page 123

15. Kirat :

Hailed from the eastern Himalayas and played a crucial role in the epic. Their ruler Bhagadatt was a powerful ally of Duryodhan and brought a division of elephants to the Kauravs. (VI.20.13).

16. Kukur :

A very ancient northwestern tribe and branch of the Yadav confederacy. Mentioned in (geography' (VI. 10.41) and the tribute list (II.48.14). Supported Duryodhan in the war (VI. 47.7).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kukur may be identified with Jat Gotra - Khokhar which is a derivative of Kukar. Khokhars are mentioned in Vayu Puran and Visnu Puran as 'Kokaraks'.

17. Kuntal :

There were two Kuntal countries, one in the north and another in the south. The southern Kuntals fought with the Kauravs (VI.47.12) (II.31.11).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kuntal may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kuntal.

18. Kulut :

Hailed from the modern Kulu- Kangra region and fought on the side of the Kauravs (VI.10.52), (VII.8.45).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kulut may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kulawat or Kalwan.

19. Koshal :

A famous solar dynasty of the Ramayan era; played a minor role in the Mbh. King Brahadval joined Duryodhan (VI.83.9), but some Koshals joined the Pandav side (in VIII.8.19; 33.22).

20. Kshudrak / Malava :

Both tribes (II.48.14) supported the Kauravs (VI.83.7).

21. Khas :

A famous Himalayan tribe in Nepal and southwest Kashmir; sided with the Kauravs. (II.48.3) (VI.10.66).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Khas may be identified with Jat Gotra - Khas, Khash who live in Distt Sonipat in Haryana and Sikar district in Rajasthan.

22. Gandhar :

A northern tribe (VII.200.40) and key allies of the Kauravs. Their king Shakuni lived at the Kaurava court and guided their destinies. Gandhara generally denotes Peshawar and Rawalpindi, though Persian inscriptions reveal that it included Kabul (Afghanistan). (VI.10.52)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Gandhar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Gandhar in Agra district in villages Bichpuri of Agra district. Page 124

23. Govasan :

Fought on the side of the Kauravs (VI.11.73), they also brought tribute to Yudhisthira (II.47.5).

They are from place Gavasen in district Betul in Madhya Pradesh.

24. Chichchhil (ra) :

In the Kuru army with Mekala and Traipura (VI.83.9) of the central region.

They are from place Chicholi in district Betul in Madhya Pradesh.

25. China :

A northwestern tribe (Darunamlecchajatayah VI .10.64); linked with the Kirats in the army of Bhagadatt. Sided with the Kauravs in the war (III.174.12) (VI .10.65).

The Mahabharat Tribe - China may be identified with Jat Gotra - Chheena or China.

26. Chuchup (-ka) :

Figured in Duryodhan's army (VI. 47.16); a southern people.

27. Tushar :

A northwestern tribe (XII. 65), sided with the Kauravs (VI.75,VIII.73). (VI.10.66)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Tushar may be identified with Jat Gotras - Tushar, Tukhar, Tusiar, Tusir, Tushir. This gotra originated from Tushar janapad mentioned in Mahabharat. This place is now in Gilgit. There was Tusharagiri mountain also.

28. Tundiker :

Sided with the Kauravs (VIII.4.47); from modern Tundikher in district Narasinghpur in Madhya Pradesh.

29. Trigart :

Dwelled between the Ravi and Sutlej; were major allies of the Kauravs. (VI.47.7)

The Mahabharat Book 2 : Sabha Parv locates them along with Dasarnas, the Sivis, the Amvashtas, the Malavas, the five tribes of the Karnatas around Rohtak in Haryana as under :(II.31.6)

The Trigarts were ancient tribes of Mahabharat period which gave rise to many Jat clans, such as (1) Damal, Damara, Damas, Dhami, Dhamora (2) Kundu, Kadwasra, Kandoli, Kondal, Kont, Konth(3) Dangi, (4) Khanda, Khandaulia, Khandel, Khandia Khandaya, Khodiwal, (5) Jali, (6) Brahman, Brahma, Brahmayan and (7) Janar, Janvar, Janak, Janal, Janar, Janawa.

30. Darvik / Darv :

In 'geography' (VI.10.53); associated with Kashmir; fought with the Kauravs (VII.66.42).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Tushar may be identified with Jat Gotras - Darv, Darva, Darawar.

31. Dasam / Dasameya :

Kaurava supporters (VIII.51.22) from Punjab.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Dasam / Dasameya may be identified with Jat Gotras - Daseya who live in Nimach district in Madhya Pradesh.

32. Narayan :

A tribe of cowherds and professional warriors from Anarta, Kathiawar. The Narayan army was the personal army of Sri Krishna who gave them to Duryodhan after being chosen by Arjun (V.7.16). They are also called Gopal (VII.66.38). It seems that other divisions of the Narayan army joined the Pandavs (VIII. 4.59). Probably indicates Punjab, as a region watered by five rivers; conquered by Nakul.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Narayan may be identified with Jat Gotra - Narain originated from place name Narei surrounded by Capitalia. It is one of the Jat clans as described by Megasthenes.

33. Panchanad :

Probably indicates Punjab, as a region watered by five rivers; conquered by Nakul (II.29.10). Sided with the Kuru army (VI.52.5; VI.20.10). Page 125

34. Pahlav :

A north-western tribe, defeated by Nakul (II.29.15); joined the Kaurav forces (VI.20.13).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Pahlav may be identified with Jat Gotra - Pahlawat.

35. Panibhadrak :

A tribe in Duryodhan's army (VI.47.9), probably from the north Himalayas.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Panibhadrak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Bhadu.

36. Parad / Paratak :

In the tribute list (II.48.12); came from the west of the Indus near the ocean, and fought on the side of the Kauravs (VI.83.7).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Parad / Paratak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Parodiya who live in Mandsaur district in Madhya Pradesh.

37. Pulind :

A Vindhya tribe which joined the Kuru army (VI.83.7).

38. Prasthal :

A Trigart branch who fought in the Kuru army (VI.83.10); could have come from the Punjab or Sind region.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Prasthal may be identified with Jat Gotra - Paras who live in Maharashtra.

39. Bhoj :

Descendants of Yayati's son Druhyu (Mbh.I.80.26), they were closely linked With the Yadavs in the epic. (VI.20.14) One branch headed by Kritvarma sided with the Kauravs.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Bhoj may be identified with Jat Gotra - Bhoj found in Nimach district in Madhya Pradesh.

40. Malav :

The name Malav occurs separately as well as in the form of Kshudrak-Malav; they were a Punjab tribe according to the digvijay of Karna (III.241.67). Nakul also defeated them (II.29.6). They joined the Kuru army and protected Bhishm and Dron (VI.83.6-7). The Malav tribe is famous for its resistance to Alexandar in the region between Ravi and Chenab.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Malav may be identified with Jat Gotra - Mall or Malli.

41. Mahishmati :

Ruled by King Nila of the Haihaya dynasty and subdued by Karna (III.241.56) and later by Sahadev (II.28.11). In the War, nila was on the Kaurav side (V.19). The city is identified with modern Mandhat on an island in the Narmada.

The city of Mahishmati, Capital of King Nila,where the battle that took place between king Nila and the mighty Sahadev. Nila is gotra of Jats found in Tonk, Jaipur districts in Rajasthan. Page 126

42. Mund :

Fought in the Kuru army (VI.52.9), and were a northwestern tribe (III.48.21). Shalya Parv (IX.44.90)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Mund may be identified with Jat Gotra - Mund. Bhim Singh Dahiya writes that the Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupt mentions about Mund clan.

43. Mekal :

They fought on the side of the Kauravs (VIII. 17.2, VI. 83-9; 47.13). Mekal is the hill range in Gondwan from where the Narmada flows, and has been identified with Amarkantak (VI.10.39).

44. Lalittha :

Figure in the Kuru army (VIII.4.46); could be a Rajput tribe from Azamgarh.

45. Vang :

Probably from Bengal, they brought tributes to Yudhisthir (II.47.10). The eastern Vangs were elephant fighters in the Kuru army (VIII. 17.2).

46. Vanayu :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.54); they figured in the Kuru army as special forces of the Gandhar king (VIII.4.96) and came from the Wana valley in Pakistan.

47. Vasatis :

Figure in the tribute list (II.48.14). They sided with the Kauravs (VI.47.14, VI. 18.12) and came from the Mul pass in Baluchistan or somewhere in Makran.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Vasatis may be identified with Jat Gotra - Basati.

48. Vatadhan :

An important Jat and Brahmin tribe, In geography (VI.10.45), they sided with the Kauravs in the Great War (VI.52.4); hailed from Varan near Kurukshetra (V.19.30) (II.29.7).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Vatadhan may be identified with Jat Gotra - Vatdhan, Vattadhan, Batdhan, Batar found in Punjab and Rajasthan. They are called Batar in Rajasthan.

49. Vikarn :

Fought in the army of Kauravs (VI. 47.15); also the name of a Kaurav prince.

50. Vikunj :

They were in the Kuru army (VI. 52.9).

51. Venik :

Fought in the Kuru army (VI. 47.7).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Venik may be identified with Jat Gotra - Beniwal Veniwal.

52. Shalva :

An important tribe associated with Madras and Matsyas, spread over western India from Yamuna to Sind. The Salva kingdom in the story of Savitri was adjacent to Kuru-Panchal and lay between the Yamuna and Sarasvati. They fought on the side of the Kauravs (VI. 18.13, VI.20.12).

The Salvas were a branch of the Madras and were ruling at Sialkot. We know that the Madras were Vahiks and Jarts. Since according to grammatical illustration of Chandra-gomin the Jarta defeated the Huns, which means Skand Gupt defeated the Huns. Hence Jartas are Jats. Page 127

53. Sura :

Fought in the Kuru army among the tribes of the northwest (VI.20.30); considered identical with the Sur tribe of Afghanistan. (II.29.5), (II.31.13). Mahabharat Bhisma Parv mentions about these people in shlok numbers (VI.10.38) (II.48.12) (IX.44.109).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Sur may be identified with Jat Gotra - Shura.

54. Surasen :

An ancient people held in high esteem in the Mbh. (VIII.30.73); their capital was in Mathura. They sided with the Kauravs in the war (VI. 47.7, 57.7) (VI.10.38) (VIII.4.36).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Surasen may be identified with Jat Gotra - Shura

55. Samsthan :

Protected Bhishma in the Kaurav army (VI. 47.7).

56. Simhal :

A tribe whose representatives served as bondsmen at Yudhisthira's court (III. 48.20.); also the old name of Sri Lanka. They sided with the Kauravs (VII. 19.7).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Simhal may be identified with Jat Gotra - Singhal who live in Sikar district of Rajasthan and in Mehrauli district of south Delhi.

57. Sindhu-Sauvir :

An ancient people of Sind (VIII.112.108, V. 72.14) who fought on the Kaurav side. Their king Jayadratha was the son-in-law of Dhitrashtra (VIII.4.11).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Sindhu may be identified with Jat Gotra - Sindhu

The Mahabharat Tribe - Sauvir may be identified with Jat Gotra - Siwar

58. Surashtra :

A southwest tribe mentioned several times (VI. 10.47, II.28.39, II.28.40); joined the Kaurava army (VI. 20.14).

59. Hamsamarg :

Listed in 'geography' (VI. 10.68); they joined the Kaurava army (VII. 19.7).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Hamsamarg may be identified with Jat Gotra - Hans or Hansawat.

Tribes With unclear Position in Kurukshetra War :

Tribes in 'Geography' and 'Tributes' /Whose Position is not Known/Did not Join the War/Unknown Tribes

1. Atavisavar :

Refers to the tribes of mid-Vindhya region, and may be identical with the Atavika mentioned in the Purans and the Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudragupt. Mentioned in geography of Mahabharat (VI.10.46). The Mahabharat Tribe - Atavi may be identified with Jat Gotra - Atval of Jats from Punjab. The Mahabharat Tribe - Shavar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Senwar of Jats from Rajasthan. Page 128

2. Anupak :

Possibly the country of the Anupas in the Mahishmati region on the western coast, though some scholars suggest district Nimar on the banks of the Narmada. Mbh. mentions Arjun Kartavirya of the Haihaya (Yadav) dynasty as Anupapati (III. 116. 19).

3. Adhiraj :

A branch of the Matsyas; mentioned in the course of Sahdev's conquest of the southern regions (II.28.2-3-4). Probably a dominion or tributary neighbour of Matsya kingdom.

4. Anupavrt :

Identity not certain.

5. Antargirya :

Identity not certain.

6. Aparaparyat :

Conquered by Nakul. Identification not certain.

7. Aparavartak :

Identity not certain.

8. Aparant :

Signifies frontier, identification not certain.

9. Arbud :

Were vanquished by Sahdev (II.28.8). Also a famous mountain in the Purans, now known as Mt. Abu. (IX.44.110)

Sabha Parv Mahabharat (II.47.26) mentions about Arbud.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Arbud may be identified with Jat Gotra - Avalak who were Nagavanshi.

10. Agreya :

A janapad conquered by Karna (III. 241.67). Possibly in hisar region or near Agra.

The Mahabharat Tribes - Agreya may be identified with Jat Gotra - Agre.

11. Atrey :

A northwestern primitive tribe (VI.10.67), possibly located in Atari, between Lahore and Amritsar. Were later initiated in the Brahmin gotras of Atri and Bharadvaj.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Atrey may be identified with Jat Gotra - Atri

12. Adidaya :

Identity not certain.

13. Adirashtra :

Possibly from the central or eastern regions.

14. Anart :

Refers to the famous land of great Yadav royal families in modern Gujarat and Kathiawar near the Rann of Kutch; ruled by many tribal oligarchies. (V.7.4)

When Pandavs were exiled to the woods, by the Kauravs, the five sons of Pandavs, born to Draupadi, were sent to Panchal, the kingdom ruled by their maternal grandfather Drupad. They later wnet to the Anart Kingdom, ruled by the Yadavs, so that they can stay with their step brother and dear friend, Abhimanyu, and learn military science from eminent Yadav warriors. (MBh. 3.182) After the expiry of the thirteenth year, the five Pandavs took up their abode in one of Virat’s towns called Upaplavya.

Arjun brought over Abhimanyu and Vasudev Krishna, and also many people of the Dasarh race from the Anart country. (Mbh 4.72) Mahabharat (MBh 5.83), it is mentioned that Pandav's mother Kunti also stayed for some time in Anart, during the exile of the Pandavs. (V.7.4)

In geography the country of Anartas is mentioned with the Sakas, the Nishadhs, the Nairits, the Dugals, the Pratimasys, the Kuntals, and the Kusals. (VI.10.50)

Satyaki was a general in the Pandav, army. He was a chief of Anarts. (9. 17). Kritvarman was a general in the Kaurav, army (9. 17). He is described as the dweller of the Anart country, the son of Hridik, the mighty car-warrior, the foremost one among the Satwats, the chief of the Bhojs. Vivingsati, one among the 100 Kaurav brothers, had slain hundreds of Anart warriors.

15. Amra :

Possibly a janapad in the Jaipur region.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Amra may be identified with Jat Gotra - Ameria who live in Jaipur district in Rajasthan. [Page-129]

16. Audumbar :

An important ancient tribe, mentioned in the tribute list (II.47.12). Bauddha texts say they dwelled on the highway from Magadh to Kashmir in east Kangra district. (II.48.12)

Audumbars were a north Indian tribal nation east of the Punjab, in the Western Himalaya region. They were the most important tribe of the Himachal Pradesh, and lived in the lower hills between Sirmaur and Yamuna.

They issued coinage from the 1st century BCE, when they seemingly gained independence from the Indo-Greeks. Their favorite deities were Mahadev or Shiv, and also Kartikey, standing with a spear in right hand. The silver coins of the Kuninds, the Vemaks and the Audumbars closely follow the coins of Apollodotus II in their characteristics (weight, size and material).

17. Avasir :

Could be Ayodhya region, defeated by Karna (III.241.44).

18. Ekashan / Jyoh :

Brought tributes to Yudhisthir (II.48.3).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Jyoh may be identified with Jat Gotra - Johiy.

19. Udra (Odra) :

Modern Orissa, also known as Utkal and Kaling. (II.28.48)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Odra may be identified with Jat Gotra - Odhran.

20. Utkal :

Utkal was separate from Odra and Kaling (VI.10.39).

21. Uttama :

Could be a Gond tribe in Mahadeo Hills. (VI.10.39)

22. Uttarakurav :

Arjun reached Uttarakuru during his northern conquest (II.25.7). (II.48.2) (II.48.6)

Dr V. S. Agrawal thinks that the Uttarakuru was located to north of Pamirs in Central Asia and was also famous for its horses of Tittirakalamash variety.

Thus it probably comprised parts of Kirgizstan and Tian-Shan. Bhishma Parv of Mahabharat attests that the country of Uttarakuru lied to the north of Mt Meru and to the south of Nila Parvat. The Mt Meru of Hindu traditions is identified with the knot of Pamirs. Mountain Nil may have been the Altai-Mt.

The Mahabharat refers to the Kichak bamboos growing on the banks of river Shailod. (II.48.2) Mahabharat further attests that the Kichak bamboo region was situated between Mountain Meru (Pamirs) and Mountain Mandar (Alta Tag). The river valleys between these two mountains are still overgrown with forests of Kichak Bamboos.

23. Utsavasanket :

Were defeated by Arjun (II.24.4) and Nakul (II.29.8). Possibly the Kinnar tribes between Kangra and Rampur Bushar.

24. Unntyak :

Mentioned among the southern-most tribes (VI.10.57), possibly Karnataka region.

25. Upavrt :

Possibly a tribe of the Saurashtra region.

26. Uluk :

Were vanquished by Arjun (II.24.4). (V.157.2) (V.157.3) (V.157.16) (IX.43.26) (XIII.127.6)

The Mahabharat Tribes - Uluk may be identified with Jat Gotra - Aulakh.

Aulakh clan of Jats are descendants of Uluk. Mahabharat mentions a country called Uluk. The Mahabharat mentions them as Uluk. As per grammar rules the name Aulak, is derived from Uluk, the name of the country. Perhaps the Iranian Uruk, Indian Urag was their country.

27. Urag :

A northern tribe, possibly from Kashmir, vanquished by Arjun (II.24.18).

28. Usinar :

An ancient tribe known from Rig Vedic times (X.59.1O), they hailed from Kanakhal, south east of Madra. The Brahmanas list them as a tribe of Madhyadesh. (XII.29.35) (XII.29.37) (XII.29.38)

There are many references to Usinars in the Epic poetry Mahabharat. At several places, it refers to king Usinar and his son prince Sibi or Sivi whose charity has been enormously glorified by sage Markandeya.

29. Ustrakarnik :

Were defeated by Sahdev in the south (II.28.48) and were probably a Telugu tribe.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Ustrakarnik may be identified with present Utkanya Jat Gotra living in Tonk district in Rajasthan.

30. Ekapad :

Mentioned in Sahdeva's conquest of the southern quarters (II.28.47). Page 130

31. Ekaprasth :

Mentioned in the 'geography' (VI.10.40); of them, Ekacharan has been identified as a branch of Kiratas.

32. Aupaka (Opa-) :

Mentioned in geography (VI. 10.67) and were possibly a northern mountaineer tribe. Location uncertain.

33. Kaksh / (Kacch) :

Both Kaksh and Kacch are mentioned twice in the 'geography' (VI. 10.47 and 55), and denote the dry grasslands of the Rann of Kutch, being mentioned between Dvaipeya and Samudra niskut (people living on the sea-shore). Occupied by cowherds, Gopalkaksh.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kacch may be identified with present Jat Gotra - Kachh who live in Maharashtra.

34. Karanth :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.61); possibly northerners. The name bears affinity with Kharot, a tribe of caravan traders between Central Asia and lndia.

35. Kara Bhanjak :

Appear in 'geography' (VI.10.68); a northern hill tribe.

36. Karishak :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.54) with tribes inhabiting the northwestern region; also a gotra name.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Karishak may be identified with present Jat Gotra - 'Karig Kari. There was a republic called Karishak during Mahabharat period, who lost it and moved here and there and were called Karig.

37. Karkakhand :

Mentioned In Karn's conquests (III.241.43) after Magadh, and before Sravasti and Ayodhya; possibly a name for Koshal.

38. Karkotak :

Mentioned by Karn as an impure people (VII.30.45); a southern tribe probably occupying a Vindhya range. Karkotak has been mentioned amongst the names of the nag kings who attended the Sabha of Yudhishthir. (II.9.9), Mentioned in (VIII.30.45).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Karkotak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Katewa.

39. Karnat (Karahataka) :

The Mahabharat Book 2: Sabha Parva Section XXXI locates The Trigarts, the Dasharns, the Sivis, the Amvashts, the Malavs, the five tribes of the Karnats around Rohtak in Haryana in (II.31.6).

40. Kaling :

Lived south of the Vaitarani river (III.114.4), in the area between Vaitarani and Vijagapattam in modern Orissa. Shalya Parv (IX.44.59) Page 131

41. Kalkal :

A Vindhya tribe listed in the 'geography' (VI.10.60).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kalkal may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kalkal

42. Kak :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI.10.63).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kaka may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kak

43. Kank :

Mentioned in the tribute list (II.47.26) as wearing horns, a practice among some Iranian tribes of Central Asia. A Jat tribe living between Beas and Sutlej in Punjab is as Kang; claims descent from solar race of Ayodhya.

Jat Gotra Kang in Mahabharat, is mentioned as Kanks. (IX.44.69)

44. Karnik :

Listed in the 'geography' (VI.10.58).

45. Karvat :

Possibly a Bengal tribe whose king was conquered by Bhim (II.27.22).

46. Karaskar :

Served as tributaries in the palace of Yudhishthir (II.46.21). Mentioned as people (VIII.30.45).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Karaskar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Karaskar

47. Kayavya :

A northwestern tribe in the tribute list (II.48.12).

48. Karpasik :

Brought tributes to Yudhisthir (II.47.7); possibly hailed from the Vidisha region in Central India.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Karpasik may be identified with Kapish which is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Jat Gotras derived from this place are - Kapahi, Kapai, Kapureya, Kapdia.

49. Kalakut :

A mountain (II.23.14) conquered by Arjun. Mbh. mentions the inhabitants of Kalakuta as a neighbouring tribe of Kuru land (II.20.26, V.19.30).

People who came from the side of Kalakut mountain were known as Kaler - Jat Gotra.

Kaliraman jats had won the Kalakut country also.

50. Kalatoyak :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI.X. 45).

51. Kalad :

Possibly a minor hill tribe in the Himalayas; mentioned in 'geography' (VI.10.61).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Karaskar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kandwal who got this name from Kalad.

52. Kalamukh :

A southern tribe (II.28.45); probably a Bhil tribe.

53. Kashmir :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.52 and 66); were defeated by Arjun (II.23.24). Did not join the war.

54. Kichak :

Their realms lay on the route to Ekacakra from Varnavat. The Pandavs travelled through Matsya, Trigart and Panchal lands and entered Kichak land (I.144.2). They were soldiers of the Matsya king, and their ruler was killed by Bhim. They seem not to have joined the war.

Village Katrathal, an ancient historical village of Sikar district in Rajasthan, is believed to be associated with Kichak.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kichak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Khichad. Page 132

55. Kuttaparant :

Possibly a Saurashtra tribe; mentioned in 'geography' (VI.10.41).

56. Kunat :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI. 10.50).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kunat may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kunt who live in Jaipur district in Rajasthan and Kont who live in Uttar Pradesh.

57. Kundaman :

Figure in the tribute list (II.48.13)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kundaman may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kund + Maan

58. Kumar :

Possibly a version of Vats, their king Shrenimat was defeated by Bhim during his march from Chedi to Koshal (II.27.1).

59. Kurak (-ta) :

Figure in 'geography' (VI.10.61); hailed from south Kanar region known as Vidyadhar in the Jain tradition.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kurak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kurak who live in Tonk district in Rajasthan.

60. Kulak :

Figure in 'geography' (VI.10.61).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kulak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kurak

Kulak, Kulaki is a gotra of Jats. They are descendants of ancestor Kulik of Nagvanshi.

61. Kuronth :

Figure in 'geography' (VI.10.61); probably lived in the border region to the northwest of Garhwal and east of Kulu valley.

62. Kuru :

Key people in the epic, occupying Delhi and the adjoining portion of gangetic basin.

63. Kukkut (Kulat) :

Figure as a foreign (Malech) tribe of the northwest.

64. Kusal (-lyah) :

Figure in 'geography' (VI.10.50).

65. Kushvindu :

Could belong to the southwest (VI.10.54).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kushvindu may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kush or Kuswan

66. Krimi :

A once important tribe in east Punjab.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Krimi may be identified with Jat Gotra - Karmi or Kiram.

67. Keval :

Maybe a corrupt form of Kerala. (II.28.47)

68. Kaisik :

A branch of the Yadavs.

69. Kokanad :

A northern tribe (II.24.17). (IX.44.55)

The Mahabharat Tribe- Kokanad may ve identified wth Kok Jat Gotra

70. Kaukuttak :

Possibly a Nilgiri tribe (VI.10.58).

71. Konkan :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI.10.58), a southern tribe, which did not fight in the war.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Konkan may be identified with Jat Gotra - Konkan. Page 133

72. Kopan :

A fierce southern tribe (VI.10.59).

73. Kekarak :

(VI.10.60).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kekarak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kekeraul, Kakraul. Their earlier name was Kukar and they were rulers in Malwa.

74. Kolla-giri :

A central Indian tribe vanquished by Sahdev (II.28.45).

75. Kausij (-ka) :

Identity not certain.

76. Krath :

Shalya Parv (IX.44.65), Sabha Parv (II.27.7)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Krath may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kaithoria or Kaith who are considered descendants of Maharaj Krath of Kuruvansh.

77. Krivi :

Identity not certain.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Krivi may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kharb

Krivi is also a Rigvedic Tribe: (RV VIII/20/24; VIII/22/12). These people are mentioned as Kravya in Sat.Br. (Xlll/5/4.7). They are to be identified with the Kharab clan of the Jats. They are also to be identified with the Khalabes of West Asian history, who gave their name to Chalybes on the mouth of Euphrates river.

78. Gaya :

Inhabitants of modern Gaya, brought tribute for Yudhisthir (II.48.15).

79. Gargya :

Were defeated by Krishna (VII.11).

80. Giri-gahvar :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.66); lived in the Hindukush caves.

81. Guh :

A southern tribe (XII.200.39).

82. Goparastra :

Figure in the 'geography' (VI.10.42); possibly hailed from ancient Nasik.

83. Gopalkacch :

In 'geography' (VI.10.55); conquered by Bhima (II.27.3). Lay between Koshal and north Koshal, indicating modern Gopalpur in Gorakhpur district, between Ayodhya and Kushinagar.

84. Govind :

In 'geography' (VI. 10.42). Probably a central Indian tribe from the Kaimur range.

85. Goshring :

A hill conquered by Sahdev in the south (II.28.5); could be located near Ujjain; visited by the Chinese traveller Xuan Zang (Hieun Tsang).

86. Charmakhandik :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI.10.46) as a northwestern tribe.

87. Chitrak :

Waited upon Yudhisthir with tribute (II. 46.21).

88. Jathar :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI.10.41). Shalya Parv (IX.44.57) (IX.44.80)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Jathar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Jathar.

89. Jartik :

Jartik is one of The Mahabharat Tribes, living in ancient time in the vicinity of Sakal and who are mentioned in the Karna Parv of the Mahabharat. (VIII.30.14)

K R Qanungo mentions incidence from Mahabharat that there is a town named Sakal and river named Apag where section of the Bahiks, known as the Jartikas, dwell.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Jartik may be identified with Jat Page 134

90. Jagud :

Probably from the region south of Ghazni and north of Kandhar (III.48.21).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Jagud may be identified with Jat Gotra - Jagund who live in Tonk district in Rajasthan.

91. Jangal :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.l0.37); refers to peoples from the forest southwest of Kurukshetra. (V.53.7)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Jangal may be identified with Jat Gotra - Jangu, Janghal, Jangal.

92. Uttarjyoti :

Defeated by Nakul in west (II.29.10); location uncertain.

93. Jyoh :

In the tribute list (II.48.3); could belong to the Tibet region.

Jyoh may be identified with Johiy, Johil, Jot gotra. They are originally Yaudheya jats. Their area was Churu division. The area on the banks of Sutlej river upto Bahavalpur in Pakistan was Johiyawar.

94. Tamar :

In 'geography' (VI. 10.68); hail from the region between India and Tibet. (IX.44.105)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Tamar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Tomar

95. Tamrdvip :

A southern people vanquished by Sahdev (II.28.45).

96. Taratoya :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI.l0.51), probably a minor tribe connected with seafare.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Taratoya may be identified with Jat Gotra - Talautia.

97. Tarkshya :

Figure in the tribute list (II.48.14).

98. Talakat :

Cr. Ed. (II.28.43), could be from Bijapur in Mysore.

99. Talajangh :

Once a major branch of the Haihaya dynasty, they had little importance by the time of the epic (V.72.13).

100. Talavan :

A southern tribe subdued by Sahdeva (II.28.48).

101. Timingil :

A southern coastal tribe subdued by Sahdev (II.28.46).

102. Tilak :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.l0.51), possibly from Hoshiarpur, Punjab.

103. Tiragrah :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.51).

104. Tripura :

A city near Vats (III.241.47). Tripura (meaning three cities, in Sanskrit) was constructed by the great Sur architect Mayasur. They were great cities of prosperity, power and dominance over the world, but due to their impious nature, Maya's cities were destroyed by Lord Shiv.

105. Tryang :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.l0.60); possibly modern Telangana region.

106. Tryash :

In tribute list (II.47.15). Page 135

107. Dasaparsv :

A northwestern people listed in 'geography' (VI.10.54).

108. Dasamalik :

A northern tribe, possibly Rohitas of Afghanistan (VI.10.65 and II.24.16).

109. Dasar :

The Yadav clan of Krishna (III.19.120).

110. Diptaksh :

(V.72.15).

111. Dirghavenav :

A Central Asian tribe mentioned in the tribute list (II.48.3).

112. Dugul :

Figure in the 'geography' (VI.10.50).

Dugul may be identified with Dagolya Jat Gotra.

113. Dwadashaksh :

Brought tributes to Yudhisthir. (IX.44.54)

114. Dvarapal :

A northwestern region, mentioned In Nakula's conquests (II.29.10).

115. Dvalpeya :

Figure in 'geography' (VI.10.47), identified with the tiny island of Diu.

116. Nandiveg :

(V.72.17).

117. Navarastra :

Defeated by Sahdev (II.28.6).

118. Nalakalak :

Figure in the 'geography' (VI.10.58).

119. Nisadh :

In 'geography' (VI.10.50), this was the kingdom of the famous King Nal of the Yadav race. The tiny realm lay at the western end of the Satpur ranges.

120. Nip :

An historical people whose king janamejaya caused the ruin of his own tribe (V.72.13); were bondsmen in Yudhisthir's palace (II.46.21).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Nip may be identified as Nep Jat clan.

121. Naimish :

People of Naimisharanaya (modern Nimsar) in Sitapur (UP) who were called the "knowers of true religion" (VIII.30.60).

122. Nairrt :

Figure in 'geography' (VI.10.50); probably came from the southwest.

Nairrt may be identified with Jat Gotra - Nehra.

123. Panchakarpat :

Subdued by Nakul in the west (II.29.6), and probably hailed from a small settlement of five unknown tribes in Punjab. Pages- 136

124. Panitak :

Figure in 'geography' (VI. 10.42).

125. Pattan :

Probably a Vindhya tribe, the city was defeated by Karna in his digvijaya (III.241.47).

126. Pattibhanjak :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.62); identification uncertain.

127. Parantangan :

Meaning other Tangan, In the tribute list (II.48.3); probably a northwestern tribe. (VI.9.63)

128. Pasu :

In the tribute list (II.48.3); probably a northwestern tribe.

129. Parasik :

Figure in 'geography' (VI.10.51); probably people of Persia or southern Iran.

Parasik may be identified with Jat Gotra - Paraswal

130. Parasik :

Figure in 'geography' (VI.10.51); probably people of Persia or southern Iran.

131. Pichchhand :

A southern janapad subdued by Sahdev (II.28.47).

132. Paurak :

A northwestern tribe in the tribute list (II.48.13), identified with a Kabuli tribe of Afghanistan.

Paurak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Paur

133. Prakustak :

In 'geography' (VI.10.51); possibly came from the Afghan-Pakistan border near Peshawar.

134. Pratimatsya :

'geography' (VI.6.50); were neighbours of Matsya.

135. Pradar :

In the tribute list (II.48.37).

136. Prabhadrak :

A Panchala tribe (VI.52.14).

137. Pramud :

In 'geography' with Kiratas; probably lived in the Yamuna region.

138. Prachya :

A tribe near Kerala in 'geography' (VI.10.57); skilled in fighting on elephanttback.

139. Paravrsheya :

In 'geography' (VI. 10.49); possibly the region of Sahya (mountains) in the Western Ghats. Page 137

140. Parahut :

In 'geography' (VI.10.45).

141. Parosth :

A central Indian tribe (VI.10.60).

142. Barbar :

A northern Himalayan tribe (uttarajtha janmarah, XII. 200.39-40), (II.29.15).

Babbar Jat Gotra found in Punjab when Sanskritised is Barbar.

143. Balirastra :

In 'geography' (VI.10.43), a variant of Malla; a janapada in the Vidarbh region.

144. Balih :

(V.72.14).

145. Bahurvadya :

In 'geography' (VI.10.53).

146. Bahlik :

An ancient people known from the time of Atharv Ved and Satapath Brahman; closely connected with the Kurus of Mbh. Scholars identify them with the Bactrians of Balkh.

147. Bodh :

In 'geography;' a Yadava branch who fled westwards out of fear of Jarasandha (II.13.25).

Badhwar or Bodh Jat Gotra may be identified with Bodh.

148. Bharg :

In 'geography' (VL1 0.49); dwelled close to the Vats as and Nisadhas in Bhima's conquest (II.27.10).

149. Bhadrakar (Madra) :

Rank among the eighteen tribes of Bhojas who fled out of fear of Jarasandh (II.13.25); were part of the Salv confederacy.

150. Bhardwaj :

Probably a Garhwal tribe, listed in 'geography' (VI.10.67).

Bhardwaj Jat Gotra may be identified with The Mahabharat Tribes - Bhardwaj.

151. Bhargav :

In 'geography (VI.10.49), could be from the western Ghats.

152. Bhuling :

Identity not certain.

153. Madavirak :

Figure in the description of countries vanquished by Bhim (II.27.9).

May be Mada + Virak tribes.

154. Madra :

A Vedic people of high status. At the time of the epic, their king was Bahlik, and probably hailed from a tribe that migrated from Iran or Bactria and settled in Punjab. (II.29.13)

The Mahabharat Tribes - Madra has may be identified with Jat Gotra - Madern or Madrayan. Page 138

155. Madhumant :

Listed in 'geography' (VI. 1 0.51), they came from Afghanistan.

156. Madhyamikey :

Probably indicates a place called Nagri near Chittor. Its ancient name was Madhyamik nagari. (II. 48.13)

The Shivis or Sibi Jats ruled this area. The classical writers locate Shivis (Siboi) at the confluence of Beas and Chenab. Later they migrated to Rajasthan in the area of Madhyamik near Chittor from their coins bearing the legend Shibi janapads have been found. The Shivis tribe is known by several variants-Shiv in the Rigved as one of the tribes defeated by the Bharat king Sudas; Sivi in the Aitreya Brahman (VIII.23.10), Mahabharat (II.48.13), Sibi in Mahabharat (II. 48.13) Sibi in Mahabhashya on Panini (IV.2.52) where as Shaiba or Shaibayah as vishaya has been mentioned.

Classical writers call them Siboi (Diodous 3, XVIII, 96; Strabo XV,1; Curtius IX,41)[59]There are ruins of an ancient town called 'Tamva-vati nagari' 11 miles north of Chittor. Ancient coins of Shivi people are found near this town bearing 'Majhamikaya Shivjanpads', which means coins of 'Shiv janapad of Madhyamik'. The 'Tamvavati nagari' was called as 'Madhyamik nagari'. These coins are of the period first to second century BCE.

157. Mandak :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.42); a tribe of cowherds from central India.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Mandak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Mand.

158. Murachipattan :

Subdued by Sahdev in the south (II.28.45); identified with Muchuri, a famous port near Calicut.

159. Malad :

In 'geography' (VI.10.48); was defeated by Bhimasena in the east (II.27.8); probably people from central India.

160. Mall :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI.10.45) and in Bhima's conquest after northern Koshal (II.27.3) The Mall resided in district Deoria (UP) and had their metropolis at Kushinagar and Pav, sacred sites of the Bauddhs and the Jains.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Mall may be identified with Jat Gotra - Mahl / Mall.

161. Mahishakarshik :

Figure in 'geography' (VI. 10.45). Probably hailed from the region near the ancient city of Mahishmati.

162. Mahechchh :

A janapada conquered by Nakul in the west, near the desert (II.29.6); could indicate the Maheya region of Ahmadabad where the river Mahi flows.

Could be Meham town in Rohtak district in Haryana, as it is close to Sirsa town in Haryana.

163. Maradh :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI.10.65).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Maradh may be identified with Jat Gotra - Mirdh found in Jodhpur region of Rajasthan.

164. Manavarjak :

In 'geography' (VI. 10.48); could refer to the Purulia and Dhanabad regions.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Manavarjak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Maan + Bardak

165. Malak :

In 'geography' (VI.10.61); a central Indian tribe.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Malak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Malik

166. Malavanak :

In 'geography' (VI.10.58); scholars place them between Broach and Kutch (approx. modern Ahmedabad). Page 139

167. Mavellak :

Mentioned among groups slain by Arjun (VIII.4.47).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Mavellak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Maval

168. Mahishak :

In 'geography (VI.10.57);' identified with the people of Mysore. (IX.44.77)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Mahishak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Bains.

169. Mudgal :

Defeated by Krishna (VII.11.39), they are a Brahmin clan descended from the Paurav dynasty'.

170. Mushak :

Listed in 'geography' as a southern people (VI.10.57). The Musaka janapad is identified with the region near modern Hyderabad, on the bank of river Musi, a tributary of the Krishna. The tribe is regarded as a branch of a northern tribe documented by Alexander's historians as Musicanur, who were settled in Sind.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Mushak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Mushasel gotra Jats living in Tonk district in Rajasthan.

171. Mok / (Mau-kah) :

Figure in 'geography' (VI. 10.38); could be a Kshatriya tribe from Kutch or Mewar regions.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Mok may be identified with Jat Gotra - Mog

172. Mohan (Modan) :

Mentioned in Karna digvijay (III. 241.47).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Modan may be identified with Jat Gotra - Modan who live in Tonk district in Rajasthan.

173. Modapur :

A tribal city subdued by Arjun in the Himalayas (II. 24.10).

174. Moda-giri :

Defeated by Bhim (II. 27.19); probably modern Monghyr.

175. Mauleya :

Paid tribute to Yudhisthir (II. 48.14); dwelled on the banks of the Mul river in Baluchistan.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Mauleya may be identified with Jat Gotra - Mola who live in Nimach, Mandsaur districts in Madhya Pradesh.

176. Yakrillom :

Mentioned in Virat Parv (IV.5.4) in Matsya Kingdom. Hail from a region between dasharna in the south and Panchala in the north, near Surasena, through which Pandavs passed to the country of Matsya. Also in 'geography' (VI. 10.44).

177. Yavan :

Mentioned frequently as peoples of the northwest, and said to be descendants of Yayati's son Turvasu (I. 80.26). Page 140

178. Yugandhar :

Figure in 'geography'. (VII.15.30-31-32)

179. Yaudheya :

A prominent and ancient people; mentioned in the tribute list (II.48.13). yaudheya coins and a mint site have been found near Rohtak. Cunningham identified them with Johi Kshatriyas from Johibar near Multan.

They are identified with the Jats clan Joiyas or Johiya of Bahawalpur and Multan Divisions (Pakistan) and Bikaner, Rajasthan (India). Yaudheyas were the rulers of South-Eastern Punjab and Rajasthan. Even today these areas are inhabited by the Johiyas.

180. Ramath :

Listed in 'geography' (VI. 10.65) and in the Nakul digvijay (II. 29.11).

181. Rathorag :

A northwest frontier tribe. (VI.10.53)

182. Rasyakagan :

A vagrant tribe in the southwest.

183. Rajanya :

In the tribute list (II. 48.13); probably from Hoshiarpur region.

184. Rajika :

Identity not certain.

185. Ramak :

The people of the Ramak mountain who were subdued by Sahdev (II. 28.46) in the south.

186. Roma :

A Roman city mentioned in Sahdev's conquest.

187. Romak / Roman :

In 'geography' (VI. 10.54); probably a variant of Vahuk (Cr. Ed. II. 47.15).

188. Rohitak :

Listed in Karna digvijay (III. 241.67); people of modern Rohtak in Haryana, the capital of Yaudheyas; it was subdued by Nakul (II. 29.4).

189. Rshik :

An important Central Asian people of Chinese origin, conquered by Arjun (II. 24.24).

190. Lampak :

A variant of Loha (II. 24.23); a northern people.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Lampaka may be identified with Jat Gotra - Lamba

Ashok's inscriptions chiseled on rocks and stone pillars located at strategic locations throughout his empire such as Lampak (Laghman in modern Afghanistan), Mahastan (in modern Bangladesh), and Brahmagiri (in Karnataka) constitute the second set of datable historical records.

191. Lalataksh :

A northwestern tribe (II.47.15).

192. Langal :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI.l0.55).

193. Lata :

Mentioned in Anusasan Parv (XIII. 34.17); hailed from. southern Gujarat. Page-141

194. Loh :

Vanquished by Arjun (II.24.24); possibly Kashmir or an Afghan region.

Loh is a village in Ratangarh tehsil of Churu ditrict in Rajasthan.

195. Lohit :

Subdued by Arjun after Kashmir (II 24.16); could indicate modern Leh.

Lohit was a Nagavanshi mahapurush (II.9.8).

Jat Gotras originated from Lohit - Lohamsher, Lohmarod, Loat, Lohit, Loa.

196. Lohajangh :

Bondsmen at Yudhisthir's court (II.46.21); hailed from Logar valley, south of Kabul.

197. Vakra / Vakrabhaya :

A fierce tribe listed in 'geography' (VI. 10.43).

198. Vadhra :

Listed in 'geography' (VI. 10.54).

199. Vanavasin :

In 'geography' (VI. 10.57); hail from north Kanar.

200. Aparavartak :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.61).

201. Varmak :

A warrior clan, figures in Bhim's conquest of eastern countries (II.27.12).

202. Vastrap :

Figure in the tribute list (II.48.14) and probably came from the Girnar region in Junagarh.

203. Vanarasya :

Listed in the 'geography' (VI. 10.43).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Vanarasya may be identified with Jat Gotra - Vanar

204. Vatajam :

In 'geography' (VI.10.53); came from the northwest frontier.

205. Vahik :

In 'geography' (VI.9.45), A northwestern janapad (VIII.30.27); indicates the whole of Punjab.

Bahik, Bahika, Vahik, Vahika, Valhika is used for the Jats of Punjab.

206. Vikalp :

Figure in the 'geography' (VI. 10.57).

207. Vijay :

Listed in 'geography' (VI. 1 0.44).

208. Vidarbh :

A famous ancient people of modern Berar, a branch of Yadavs. Their king Rukmi was the only ruler who could not join the Mbh. war, as neither the Kauravs nor the Pandavs wanted his help. His kingdom probably comprised only a portion of Vidarbh country, as the Vidarbh tribe figures on the Kaurav side (VI. 47.13 ). Page 142

209. Videha :

An ancient people of Mithila or Janakpore in Nepal. The Videha dynasty was a branch of the Ikshwakus whose main branch flourished in Koshala. Were not real participants in the Mbh. war, though their name figures in the narration of the Kuru army (VI.112.108) and Pandava army (VIII.3.18). Bhima conquered their country (11.26.4).

210. Vindhyap / ulak :

In 'geography' (VI. 10.60); indicates all tribes in the southern Vindhya-Satpur range.

211. Virak :

Mentioned as a sinful people (VIII.30.45).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Virak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Virk, Wirk, Birk.

212. Vrik :

A prominent nortwest tribe which lived by the profession of arms. Vrkasthal was one of the five villages demanded by Pandavs (V. 31.19) and lay on Krishna's route from Upaplavya to Hastinapur (V. 82.20).

(Vrika+Udar) (IX.44.100)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Vrik may be identified with Jat Gotra - Vrik, Varik

213. Vrndatak :

A western tribe subdued by Nakul (II. 29.10).

214. Vaiyamak :

Figure in the tribute list (II. 48.12) and identified with Aimaks of central Afghanistan.

215. Vairam :

Figure in the tribute list as dwellers of wastelands near the mouth of the Indus (II.47.10).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Vairam may be identified with Jat Gotra - Vaire

216. Shak :

A northwestern tribe. (VI.20.13), (VI.10.50)

217. Sakal :

The capital of the Madra tribe, identified with modern Sialkot. But Sakaldvip is mentioned in Arun's conquest of the north, the vicinity of the Himalayas (II. 23.15) and could indicate a group of tiny free hill states around Shimla. Page 143

218. Sarmak :

An eastern tribe vanquished by Bhim (II.24.12).

219. Shanavatya :

In the tribute list (II.48.15); identified with modern Santhals.

220. Shivis :

An ancient Punjab people vanquished by Nakul in the west (II. 29.6).

221. Shirisak :

Listed in Nakul's conquest of the west (II.29.6); identified as modern Sirsa in Hissar, Haryana.

222. Sundak :

Listed in Karna digvijay (III.241.42).

223. Shukar :

A rare ethnic name in the tribute list (II. 48.24); presented hundreds of elephants to Yudhisthir.

224. Sudra :

An ancient tribe from the region of Aparanta in 'geography' (VI. 10.46). Nakula vanquished them near the Sarasvati (II. 29.9).

225. Surparak :

Refers to the people of modern Sopor, listed in Sahdev's conquest of the southern region (II.28.43).

226. Saundik :

In the tribute list (II.48.15). Saundik means a dealer in wine and the modern Sunri caste of Bihar and UP claim decent from ancient Saundiks. Sondhi, a Khatri sub-caste in Punjab, is also identified with them.

The Mahabharat Tribe - Saundik may be identified with Jat Gotra - Sund

227. Shand :

Figure in 'geography' (VI. 10.42).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Shand may be identified with Jat Gotra - Sund

228. Sakshaddruh :

Listed in 'geography' as a northwest tribe (VI. 10.64).

229. Para Samcarak :

Figure in 'geography' (VI. 10.60); possibly a nomadic tribe from central India.

230. Sanjayanti :

A city-state of wild tribes defeated by Sahdev in the south (II.28.11); linked with the old village of Sanjan or Sanjay in Thana, Bombay. Page 144

231. Samang :

Listed in 'geography'.

232. Satiya :

A southern tribe (VI. 10.62).

233. Sarvasenaya :

A Salv branch; listed in the 'geography' (VI. 10 59).

234. Sairindhr :

In 'geography' (VI. 10.56).

235. Sahyottar :

Probably the people of Khandesh.

236. Satvat :

An ethnic name of the great Yadava confederacy in Anart. Satvat was a great King whose sons established at least four distinct lineages of Kshatriyas, viz. Bhoj, Andhak, Kukur and Vrishni.

237. Savitriputrak :

A Salva branch defeated in battle by Arjun (VIII.4.47) in the northwest; known as the hundred sons of Savitri and Satyavan (III.279.15).

238. Simhapur :

A northwest settlement subdued by Arjun (II. 24.19).

239. Siddh :

A Himalayan people in 'geography' (VI. 10.55); also known as celestial ascetics. Shalya Parv (IX.44.59)

240. Siral :

Listed in 'geography' (VI. 10.62).

241. Sukatya :

In 'geography' (VI. 10.38); one of the tribes who fled westwards in fear of Jarasandh.

242. Sudaman :

A northwest janapada in geography (VI.10.53)

243. Sudesn :

Listed in 'geography' (VI.10.45).

244. Sundaraveg :

A name of a family or clan (V.72.15).

245. Suparsv :

Bhim subdued king Krath in Suparshva, between Kashi and Matsya (II.27.7); probably a Yadav settlement in Berar.

246. Sumallik :

Listed in 'geography' with other northhwestern peoples (VI. 10.53); could be the inhabitants of Mulla pass. Page 145

247. Susthara :

They rank among the tribes who fled westward after being defeated by Jarasandh (II.13.25).

248. Suhma :

One of the five Anav tribes of the east, mentioned in connection with digvijays (of Pandu I. 105; Arjun II 24.20). The country is identified with Radha in Bengal.

249. Srnjay / Somak :

They were two main branches of Panchalas who joined the Pandavs; their leader was Dhrstadyumn (I. 185.1).

250. Sek / Aparasek :

Defeated by Sahdev (II. 28.8) in the south; possibly from the region between the Chambal and Narmada rivers.

251. Saindhav :

Amongst the tribes of the extreme northwest (III. 48.21, VIII. 4.96).

252. Shauval :

In 'geography' among northwest tribes (VI. 10.52).

253. Sopadesh :

Conquered by Bhim (II. 27.9).

254. Saubdhid :

Listed in 'geography' (VI. 10.58).

255. Saudh :

Listed in 'geography' (VI. 10.40); could indicate Saudh, capital of the Salvas.

256. Saubalya :

Mentioned in 'geography' (VI. 10.38).

257. Stanap :

A wild northern tribe (VI. 10.62).

258. Satrirajya :

Mentioned in the list of tribes whom Sanjaya saw in the court of Yudhisthir, in Rajsuya (III. 48.21); probably a trans-Himalayan kingdom.

259. Hamsakayan :

Figure as northwestern peoples in the tribute list (II. 48.13); identified with modern Hunza and Nagar in the extreme northwest of Kashmir.

260. Harivars :

The last spot in the north which Arjun could reach in his digvijays (II. 25.7), after which lay the utopian land of Uttarakurus. Page 146

261. Hatak :

Gandharv territory near Kailash mountain and Manasa lake, subdued by Arjun on his way back from the conquest of northern countries (II. 25.3).

262. Harahun :

Figure in Nakul's conquest of western quarters (II. 29.11) and in the tribute list (II.47.19; III. 48.21); could be tribes from the banks of Aragandav river in southhwest Afghanistan, known as Harahvaiti in old Iranian languages, though the name suggests a link with Huns.

263. Haimavat :

Himalayan people in the tribute list (II. 47.19).

264. Haihaya :

An ancient people famous in the time of Arjun Kartavirya, who once occupied the whole of central and northern India barring a few parts in the east. They occupied the Chamba basin. (XIII.31.7-8).

Non-Martial Tribes :

Not all the tribes that fought in the Great War enjoyed wild and barbarous reputations. Some appear to have been pastoral communities, such as the Abhira, Narayana and Gopala. Indeed, a goparastra (kingdom of cowherds) is mentioned in the 'geography' (VI. 10.42), and possibly indicated the region of ancient Nasik. Though these tribes were wholly engaged in cattle rearing, they took up arms in moments of war and served as hired soldiers to various rulers.

The Abhiras probably hailed from the Punjab and Mathura regions; Krishna was raised in an Abhira family. The Narayanas, also known as Gopalas, came from Kathiawar and were both cowherds and professional warriors. The Narayana army was the

Page 147

personal army of Sri Krishna, who gave them to Duryodhana after being chosen by Arjuna (V.7.16) to side with the Pandavs in the Great War. While Krishna joined the war as the personal charioteer of Arjuna, the epic suggests that some divisions of the Narayana army nonetheless fought under the Pandavs (VIII.4.59).

Notes :

The above English text used for study and research is mainly based on the book Adideo Arya Devat, A Panoramic view of Tribal-Hindu Cultural Interface by Sandhya Jain Published in 2004 by Rupa & Co, 7/16, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, who has based almost wholly on K.c. Mishra's exhaustive study Tribes in the Mahabharat. A Socio-Cultural Study, National Publishing House, Delhi, 1987.

Only the English text about each tribe before the sanskrit text is from above author. The sanskrit text has been compiled from Mahabharat Index Online - The Mahabharat of Krishna-Dwaipayan Vyas, translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, published between 1883 and 1896.

In each tribe entry, after the sanskrit text, identification with Jat Gotras has been done from Clan histories on Jatland Wiki.

Above list in alphabetical order :

• Abhir (p.122), II.29.9 • Abhisar (p.121), VI.10.52 • Adhiraj (p.128), II.28.3 • Adidaya (p.128), 0 • Agreya (p.128), 0 • Ajaneya (p.122), VIII.4.96 • Ambasth (p.121), II.48.14 • Amra (p.128), 0 • Anart (p.128), V.7.4 • Andhak (p.121), VI.20.14 • Andhra (p.121), VI.10.48 • Ang (p.121), VIII. 17.2 • Antargirya (p.128), 0 • Anupak (p.128), III. 116. 19 • Anupavrt (p.128), 0 • Aparant (p.128), 0 • Aparaparyat (p.128), 0 • Aparasek (p.145), 0 • Aparavartak (p.128), 0 • Aparavartak (p.141), VI.10.61 • Aratt (p.122), VII.165.69 • Arbuk (p.128), 0 • Arevak (p.122), VI.47.7 • Asmak (p.116), VII. 61.39 • Asvatak (p.122), VI 47.15 • Atavisavar (p.127), 0 • Atreya (p.128), VI.10.67 • Audumbar (p.129), II.48.12 • Aupak (p.130), VI. 10.67 • Avanti (p.122), 0 • Avasir (p.129), 0 • Babbar (p.137), 0 • Bahlik (p.137), 0 • Bahurvadya (p.137), VI.10.53 • Balih (p.137), V.72.14 • Balirastra (p.137), VI.10.43 • Barbar (p.137), XII.200.40 • Bhadra (p.119), VI.47.9 • Bhadrakar (p.137), II.13.25 • Bhardwaj (p.137), VI.10.67 • Bharg (p.137), II.27.10 • Bhargav (p.137), VI.10.49 • Bhoj (p.125), VI.20.14 • Bodh (p.137), II.13.25 • Charmakhandik (p.133), VI.10.46 • Chedi (p.117), VI.10.39 • Chichchhila (p.124), VI.83.9 • China (p.124), VI .10.65 • Chitrak (p.133), II. 46.21 • Chola (p.117), VI.46.50 • Chuchup (p.124), VI. 47.16 • Dandak (p.118), II.28.43 • Darv (p.124), VI.10.53 • Darvik (p.124), VI.10.53 • Dasam (p.124), 0 • Dasamalik (p.135), VI.10.65 • Dasameya (p.124), 0 • Dasaparsv (p.135), VI.10.54 • Dasar (p.135), 0 • Dasharn (p.118), VI.10.39 • Dasherak (p.118), VI.112.108 • Diptaksh (p.135), V.72.15 • Dirghavenav (p.135), II.48.3 • Dravid (p.118), VI.10.57 • Dugul (p.135), VI.10.50 • Dvalpeya (p.135), 0 • Dvarapal (p.135), II.29.10 • Dwadashaksh (p.135), IX.44.54 • Ekapad (p.129), II.28.47 • Ekaprasth (p.130), VI.10.40 • Ekasan (p.129), II.48.3 • Gandhar (p.123), VI.10.52 • Gargya (p.133), 0 • Gaya (p.133), II.48.15 • Giri-gahvar (p.133), 0 • Gopal (p.146), 0 • Gopalkacch (p.133), VI.10.55 • Goparastra (p.133), VI.10.42 • Gosring (p.133), II.28.5 • Govasan (p.124), II.47.5 • Govind (p.133), VI. 10.42 • Guh (p.133), 0 • Haihaya (p.146), XIII.31.7 • Haimavat (p.146), II.47.19 • Hamsakayan (p.145), II. 48.13 • Hamsamarg (p.127), VI. 10.68 • Harahun (p.146), II. 29.11 • Harivars (p.145), II. 25.7 • Hatak (p.146), II. 25.3 • Hun (p.120), VI .10.64 • Jagud (p.134), III.48.21 • Jangal (p.134), VI.l0.37 • Jartik (p.133), 0 • Jat (p.146), IX.44.54 • Jathar (p.133), VI.10.41 • Jyoh (p.129), II.48.3 • Jyoh (p.134), II.48.3 • Kacch (p.130), VI. 10.55 • Kaisik (p.132), 0 • Kaka (p.131), VI.10.63 • Kaksh (p.130), VI. 10.47 • Kalad (p.131), 0 • Kalakut (p.131), II.23.14 • Kalamukh (p.131), II.28.45 • Kalatoyak (p.131), VI.X. 45 • Kaling (p.130), III.114.4 • Kalkal (p.131), VI.10.60 • Kamboj (p.122), VII.67.67 • Kanan (p.116), 0 • Kank (p.131), II.47.26 • Kara Bhanjak (p.130), VI.10.68 • Karahatak (p.130), 0 • Karanth (p.130), VI.10.61 • Karaskar (p.131), II.46.21 • Karisak (p.130), VI.10.54 • Karkakhand (p.130), 0 • Karkotak (p.130), II.9.9 • Karnapravarna (p.122), VI.47.13 • Karnat (p.130), II.31.6 • Karnik (p.131), VI.10.58 • Karpasik (p.131), II.47.7 • Karus (p.116), VI.10.39 • Karvat (p.131), 0 • Kashi (p.116), VI.10.38 • Kashmir (p.131), VI.10.52 • Kaukuttak (p.132), VI.10.58 • Kausij (p.133), 0 • Kayavya (p.131), II.48.12 • Kekarak (p.133), II.28.45 • Kekaya (p.117), VII. 61.39 • Keral (p.117), VI.10.57 • Keval (p.132), 0 • Khas (p.123), 0 • Kichak (p.131), I.144.2 • Kirat (p.123), VI.20.13 • Kitav (p.122), II.47.10 • Kokanad (p.132), II.24.17 • Kolla-giri (p.133), II.28.45 • Konkan (p.132), VI.10.58 • Kopan (p.133), VI.10.59 • Koshal (p.123), VI.83.9 • Krath (p.133), 0 • Krmi (p.132), 0 • Krvi (p.133), 0 • Kshudrak (p.123), II.48.14 • Kukkut (p.132), 0 • Kukur (p.123), VI.47.7 • Kulak (p.132), VI.10.61 • Kulat (p.132), 0 • Kulut (p.123), VI.10.52 • Kumar (p.132), II.27.1 • Kunat (p.132), VI. 10.50 • Kundaman (p.132), II.48.13 • Kundivis (p.117), VI.46.49 • Kunind (p.116), II.23.13 • Kuntal (p.123), II.31.11 • Kunti (p.117), VI. 10.41 • Kurak (p.132), VI.10.61 • Kuronth (p.132), VI.10.61 •Kuru (p.132), 0 • Kusal (p.132), VI.10.50 • Kusavindu (p.132), VI.10.54 • Kuttaparant (p.132), 0 • Ladak (p.120), 0 • Lalataksh (p.140), II.47.15 • Lalitth (p.126), VIII.4.46 • Lampak (p.140), 0 • Langal (p.140), VI.l0.55 • Lat (p.140), 0 • Loh (p.141), II.24.24 • Lohajangh (p.141), II.46.21 • Lohit (p.141), II 24.16 • Madak (p.119), VI.46.49 • Madavirak (p.137), II.27.9 • Madhumant (p.138), VI. 1 0.51 • Madhyamikey (p.138), II. 48.13 • Madra (p.137), II.29.13 • Magadh (p.119), VIII. 17.2 • Mahechchh (p.138), II.29.6 • Mahishak (p.139), VI.10.57 • Mahishakarshik (p.138), VI.10.45 • Mahishmati (p.125), II.28.11 • Malad (p.138), VI.10.48 • Malak (p.138), VI.10.61 • Malav (p.125), VI.83.6 • Malavanak (p.138), VI.10.58 • Malla (p.138), VI.10.45 • Manavarjak (p.138), VI. 10.48 • Mandak (p.138), VI.10.42 • Maradh (p.138), VI.10.65 • Marudh (p.120), 0 • Matsya (p.119), II.13.27 • Mauleya (p.139), II. 48.14 • Mavellak (p.139), VIII.4.47 • Mekal (p.126), VI.10.39 • Moda-giri (p.139), II. 27.19 • Modan (p.139), 0 • Modapur (p.139), II. 24.10 • Mok (p.139), VI. 10.38 • Mudgal (p.139), 0 • Mund (p.126), III.48.21 • Murachipattan (p.138), II.28.45 • Mushak (p.139), VI.10.57 • Naimish (p.135), VIII.30.60 • Nairrt (p.135), VI.10.50 • Nalakalak (p.135), VI.10.50 • Nandiveg (p.135), V.72.17 • Narayan (p.124), VII.66.38 • Narayan (p.146), 0 • Navarastr (p.135), II.28.6 • Nip (p.135), II.46.21 • Nishad (p.118), VI. 10.50 • Odra (p.129), II.28.48 • Pahlav (p.125), VI.20.13 • Pamsu Rashtra (p.118), II.48.26 • Panchakarpat (p.135), II.29.6 • Panchal (p.118), VI.10.40 • Panchanad (p.124), II.29.10 • Pandya (p.119), VI.46.50 • Panibhadrak (p.125), VI.47.9 • Panitak (p.136), VI. 10.42 • Para Samcarak (p.143), VI. 10.60 • Parad (p.125), VI.83.7 • Parahut (p.137), VI.10.45 • Parantangan (p.136), VI.9.63 • Parasik (p.136), VI.10.51 • Paratak (p.125), 0 • Paratangan (p.117), VI.46.49 • Paravrsheya (p.136), VI. 10.49 • Parosth (p.137), VI.10.60 • Pasu (p.136), II.48.3 • Patachchar (p.118), VI.46.47 • Pattan (p.136), 0 • Pattibhanjak (p.136), VI.10.62 • Paurak (p.136), II.48.13 • Paurav (p.119), VI.46.47 • Pichchhand (p.136), II.28.47 • Pishach (p.119), VI.83.8 • Prabhadrak (p.136), VI.52.14 • Prachya (p.136), VI.10.57 • Pradar (p.136), 0 • Prakustak (p.136), VI.10.51 • Pramud (p.136), 0 • Prasthal (p.125), VI.83.10 • Pratimatsya (p.136), VI.6.50 • Prayag (p.119), VI.46.46 • Pulind (p.125), VI.83.7 • Pundra (p.119), VI.46.49 • Rajanya (p.140), II. 48.13 • Rajik (p.140), 0 • Ramak (p.140), 0 • Ramath (p.140), II. 29.11 • Rasyakagan (p.140), 0 • Rathorag (p.140), VI.10.53 • Rohitak (p.140), II. 29.4 • Rom (p.140), 0 • Romak (p.140), VI. 10.54 • Rshik (p.140), II. 24.24 • Sahyottar (p.144), 0 • Saindhav (p.145), III.48.21 • Sairindhra (p.144), VI. 10.56 • Sakal (p.142), II. 23.15 • Sakshaddruh (p.143), VI. 10.64 • Samang (p.144), 0 • Samsthan (p.127), 0 • Sanjayanti (p.143), 0 • Sarmak (p.143), 0 • Sarvasenaya (p.144), VI. 10 59 • Satiya (p.144), VI. 10.62 • Satrirajya (p.145), III. 48.21 • Satvat (p.144), 0 • Saubalya (p.145), VI. 10.38 • Saubdhid (p.145), VI. 10.58 • Saudh (p.145), VI. 10.40 • Saundik (p.143), II.48.15 • Sauvir (p.127), V.72.14 • Savar (p.120), VI. 46.51 • Savitriputrak (p.144), VIII.4.47 • Sek (p.145), 0 • Shak (p.142), VI.20.13 • Shalv (p.126), VI. 18.13 • Shanavatya (p.143), II.48.15 • Shand (p.143), VI. 10.42 • Shauval (p.145), VI. 10.52 • Shirisak (p.143), II. 29.6 • Shivi (p.143), II. 29.6 • Shukar (p.143), II. 48.24 • Siddh (p.144), VI. 10.55 • Simhal (p.127), 0 • Simhapur (p.144), II. 24.19 • Sindhu (p.127), VIII.4.11 • Siral (p.144), VI. 10.62 • Somak (p.145), I. 185.1 • Sopadesh (p.145), II. 27.9 • Srnjaya (p.145), 0 • Stanap (p.145), VI. 10.62 • Sudaman (p.144), VI.10.53 • Sudesna (p.144), VI.10.45 • Sudra (p.143), VI. 10.46 • Suhma (p.145), II 24.20 • Sukatya (p.144), VI. 10.38 • Sumallika (p.144), VI. 10.53 • Sundak (p.143), 0 • Sundaraveg (p.144), V.72.15 • Suparsv (p.144), II.27.7 • Sur (p.127), 0 • Surasen (p.127), VI.47.7 • Surastra (p.127), VI. 10.47 • Surparak (p.143), II.28.43 • Susthar (p.145), II.13.25 • Talajangh (p.134), V.72.13 • Talakat (p.134), 0 • Talavan (p.134), II.28.48 • Tamar (p.134), VI. 10.68 • Tamradvip (p.134), 0 • Tamralipt (p.117), II.48.17 • Tangan (p.117), VI.46.49 • Taratoya (p.134), VI.l0.51 • Tarkshya (p.134), II.48.14 • Tilak (p.134), VI.l0.51 • Timingil (p.134), II.28.46 • Tiragrah (p.134), VI.l0.51 • Tittir (p.117), VI.46.50 • Trigart (p.124), VI.47.7 • Tripura (p.134), 0 • Tryang (p.134), VI.l0.60 • Tryash (p.134), II.47.15 • Tumbup (p.118), VI.46.51 • Tundiker (p.124), VIII.4.47 • Tushar (p.124), VI.10.66 • Udra (p.129), II.28.48 • Uluk (p.129), V.157.3 • Unntyak (p.129), VI.10.57 • Upavrt (p.129), 0 • Urag (p.129), II.24.18 • Usinar (p.129), XII.29.35 • Ustrakarnik (p.129), II.28.48 • Utkal (p.129), VI.10.39 • Utsavasanket (p.129), II.29.8 • Uttam (p.129), VI.10.39 • Uttarajyoti (p.134), II.29.10 • Uttarakurav (p.129), II.48.6 • Vadhra (p.141), VI. 10.54 • Vahik (p.141), VI.9.45 • Vairam (p.142), II.47.10 • Vaiyamak (p.142), II. 48.12 • Vakra (p.141), VI. 10.43 • Vanarasya (p.141), VI. 10.43 • Vanavasin (p.141), VI. 10.57 • Vanayu (p.126), VI.10.54 • Vang (p.126), VIII. 17.2 • Varmak (p.141), II.27.12 • Vasatis (p.126), VI. 18.12 • Vastrap (p.141), II.48.14 • Vatadhan (p.126), VI.52.4 • Vatajam (p.141), VI.10.53 • Vats (p.120), VI.10.39 • Venik (p.126), VI. 47.7 • Vidarbh (p.141), VI. 47.13 • Videh (p.142), VI.112.108 • Vijay (p.141), VI. 1 0.44 • Vikalp (p.141), VI. 10.57 • Vikarn (p.126), VI. 47.15 • Vikunj (p.126), VI. 52.9 • Vindhyap (p.142), VI. 10.60 • Virak (p.142), VIII.30.45 • Vrik (p.142), V. 31.19 • Vrishnis (p.120), VI.20.14 • Vrndatak (p.142), II. 29.10 • Yakrlloman (p.139), VI. 10.44 • Yaudheya (p.140), II.48.13 • Yavan (p.139), I. 80.26 • Yugandhar (p.140), VII.15.30.

List of Other Jat clans added by Laxman Burdak :

The 18 tribes which fled due to attacks from Jarasandh Mahabharat have been mentioned in Book 2, Chapter 14. Jarasandh was a powerful Ancient Indian king who ruled Magadh. The eighteen tribes of the Bhojs, from fear of Jarasandh, have all fled towards the west; so also have the Surasens, the Bhadraks, the Vodhs, the Shalwas, the Patachcharas, the Susthals, the Mukutts, and the Kulindas, along with the Kuntis. And the king of the Salwayan tribe with their brethren and followers; and the southern Panchals and the eastern Kosals have all fled to the country of the Kunti Kingdom. So also the Matsyas and the Sannyastapads, overcome with fear, leaving their dominions in the north, have fled into the southern country. And so all the Panchals, alarmed at the power of Jarasandh, have left their own kingdom and fled in all directions.

Sabha Parv - Book II :

Dhiman - Jat Gotra : Sabha Parva Mahabharat (II.28.50) (IX.44.5)

China - Sabha Parva Mahabharat (II.47.19), Bhisma Parv Mahabharat (VI .10.65) (II.47.19) (VI .10.65)

The Mahabharat Tribe - China may be identified with Jat Gotra - China.

Odra - The Mahabharat Tribe - Udra (Odra) belongs to Modern Orissa, also known as Utkala and Kalinga. (II.28.48), (II.47.19)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Odra may be identified with Jat Gotra - Odhran.

Kichak - Sabha Parva (II.48.2)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kichaka may be identified with Jat Gotra - Khichad

Venu - Sabha Parv (II.48.2)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Venu may be identified with Jat Gotra - Beniwal

Dar - (II.48.4)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Dar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Dar

Miya - (II.48.4)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Miya may be identified with Jat Gotra - Miya

Lal - Sabha Parva (II.48.5)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Lal may be identified with Jat Gotra - Lal

Bharan - Sabha Parva (II.48.9)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Bharan may be identified with Jat Gotra - Bharani gotra Jats who live in Chhoti Sadri tahsil in Chittorgarh district in Rajasthan.

Kaliyak - Sabha Parv (II.48.9)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kaliyak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kaliyani.

Suvalaya - Sabha Parv (II.48.18)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Suvalaya may be identified with Jat Gotra - Suval.

Shailbhan - Sabha Parv (II.48.19)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Shailbhan may be identified with Jat Gotra - Shail.

Basavanug - Sabha Parv (II.48.22)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Basavanug may be identified with Jat Gotra - Baswan

Amra - Sabha Parva (II.48.23)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Basavanug may be identified with Jat Gotra - Ameria

Kunjar - Sabha Parva (II.48.25)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kunjar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kunjar.

Kanchana - Sabha Parv (II.48.26)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kanchan may be identified with Jat Gotra - kanchap

Sinhal - Sabha Parv (II.48.30)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Sinhal may be identified with Jat Gotra - Singhal

Virat Parv - Book IV

Pattachchar - Virat Parv (IV.1.9)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Pattachchar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Pachar

Kalakhanjas - Virat Parv (IV.12.13)

tatra malla samapetur digbhyo rajan sahasras

mahakaya mahavirya kalakhañja ivasura

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kalakhanjas may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kalkhund

Kichak - Virat Parv (IV.20.29), (IV.20.30)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kichak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Khichar

Jatasur - Virat Parv (IV.20.30)

Bhisma Parv - Book VI

Kadak was A northern tribe in Yudhisthir's army in Mahabharat (VI.46.49).

The Mahabharat Tribe - Kadak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Kadawa

Sauval (VI.10.3)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Sauval may be identified with Jat Gotra - Suval.

Loman - (VI.10.44)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Loman may be identified with Jat Gotra - Lomror

Vanar - Mentioned in Geography of Mahabharat (VI.10.44)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Vanar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Vanar

Khandik - Mentioned in Geography of Mahabharat (VI.10.46)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Khandik / Khandav may be identified with Jat Gotra - Khanda or Khandia who live in Nimach district in Madhya Pradesh.

Mahyuttar - Mentioned in Geography of Mahabharat (VI.10.49)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Mahyuttar may be identified with Jat Gotra - Mahiya.

Pundra - Mentioned in Geography of Mahabharat (VI.10.56)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Pundra may be identified with Jat Gotra - Pundir

Mahishak - Mentioned in Geography of Mahabharat (VI.10.57)

Also mentioned in Shalya parv, Mahabharat (IX.44.77)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Mahishak may be identified with Jat Gotra - Bains.

Malik - Mentioned in Geography of Mahabharat (VI.10.65)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Malik may be identified with Jat Gotra - Malik

Darad - Mentioned in Geography of Mahabharat (VI.10.66)

Also mentioned in sabha Parv Mahabharat - (II.48.12)

The Mahabharat Tribe - Darad may be identified with Jat Gotra - Darad

Shalya Parv - Book IX

Jat - Brought tributes to Yudhisthir, Shalya Parv (IX.44.54). (I.144.3) (IX.44.90) (IX.44.56) (IX.45.22)

Ekaksh - Brought tributes to Yudhisthir, Shalya Parva (IX.44.54).

Akshasantarjan - (IX.44.53)

Kundik - (IX.44.53)

Airawat - Shalya Parv (IX.44.13)

Dhat - Shalya Parv (IX.44.4)

Jawalan - Shalya Parv (IX.44.48)

Kusum - Shalya Parv (IX.44.35)

Ghasa - Shalya Parv (IX.44.41)

Kanchan - Shalya Parv (IX.44.43)

Kapiskandh - (IX.44.53)

Kumud - Shalya Parv (IX.44.52)

Nag - Shaly Parv (IX.44.48)

Pannag - Shalya Parv (IX.44.48)

Rajan - (IX.44.53)

Shankukarna - Shalya Parv (IX.44.47)

Siniwali - Shalya Parv (IX.44.12)

Shringawan - Shalya Parv (IX.44.13)

Kumudamalin - Shalya Parv (IX.44.22)

Punyanam - Shalya Parv (IX.44.55)

Kok - Shalya Parv (IX.44.55)

Nad - Shalya Parv (IX.44.55)

Mallyanulepan - Shalya Parv (IX.44.55)

Ajodar - Shalya Parv (IX.44.56)

Jawala - Shalya Parv (IX.44.56)

Karal - Shalya Parv (IX.44.56)

Jat - Shalya Parv (IX.44.56)

Hari - Shalya Parv (IX.44.56)

Udaraksh - Shalya Parv (IX.44.58)

Shailkampi - Shalya Parv (IX.44.58)

Nandu - Shalya Parv (IX.44.59)

Dhumra - Shalya Parv (IX.44.59)

Sweta - Shalya Parv (IX.44.59)

Vardak - Shalya Parv (IX.44.59)

Nandal - Shalya Parv (IX.44.60)

Gonand - Shalya Parv (IX.44.60)

Kanakapida - Shalya Parv (IX.44.61)

Gaina - Shalya Parv (IX.44.62). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Gaina.

Bana - Shalya Parv (IX.44.62). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Bana.

Hans - Shalya Parv (IX.44.63). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Hans.

Ranotkat - Shalya Parv (IX.44.63). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Rana.

Nandak - Shalya Parv (IX.44.63). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Nandal.

Karad - Shalya Parv (IX.44.65). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Karad.

Madhur - Shalya Parv (IX.44.66). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Madhur.

Madhu - Shalya Parv (IX.44.67). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Madhu

Maan - Shalya Parv (IX.44.67).

Takhar - Shalya Parv (IX.44.67).

Pandur - Shalya Parv (IX.44.68). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Pandur.

Dandabahu - Shalya Parv (IX.44.68). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Dand.

Achal - Shalya Parv (IX.44.69). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Achal.

Kankaksh - Shalya Parv (IX.44.69). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Kang.

Balanam - Shalya Parv (IX.44.69), (IX.44.72). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Bal.

Loh - Shalya Parv (IX.44.70). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Lohan.

Kundak - Shalya Parv (IX.44.70), (IX.44.71). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Kundu.

Varah - Shalya Parv (IX.44.74). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Varah.

(IX.45.93)

Lambakarn - Shalya Parv (IX.44.74). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Lamba

(IX.44.99)

Anjana - Shalya Parv (IX.44.100). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Anjana

(Vrika+Udar) (IX.44.100)

Kharanan - Shalya Parv (IX.44.103). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Kharand or Kharra

Tomarapanaya - Shalya Parv (IX.44.105). May be identified with Jat Gotra - Tomar

Source :

https://www.jatland.com/
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