ORIGIN
OF THE WORD BHARAT AND BHARTI
3.
Origin of the word Bharat (Barat) and Bharti (Barti) :
Here,
we can understand how Aryavrat is also known as Bharat and the land
of Bharat was known as Maa Bharti (Mother Bharti) by Aryans. Another
important river is river Saraswati known as Sarsu River which we
will see below.
According
to Lieutenant Colonel Laurence Austine Waddell :
The
Phoenician Origin of Britons, Scots, & Anglo-Saxons (1924 -
1st. edition) :
Phoenician
tribal title of "Barat" or "Brihat" and its
source of names "Brit-on", "Brit-Ain" and "Brit-Annia
:
Disclosing
Aryan Phoenician Origin of the tutelary Britannia and of her form
and emblems in Art :
"And King Baral gave his name to the Dynastic Race of which
he was the founder; and so it is from him that the fame of that
Dynastic, People hath spread so wide." - Maha Bharat.'
"Like a Father's Name, men love to call their names."
- Rig Ved.
THE title of "Prat" or "Prwt," borne by our
colonizing Phoenician Cassi prince on his British monument at Newton,
is now seen to be clearly a dialectic form of the patronymic title
"Barat" or "Brihat" used by the Aryan Phoenicians
as recorded in the Indian epics and in the Vedic Hymns, as cited
in the heading, the Phoenicians being, as we have seen, a chief
branch of the Barats, or the descendants of King Barat, and they
are systematically called "Barat" in the Indian epics
and Vedas. And this Aryan Phoenician title of "Barat"
or "Brihat" is now disclosed to be the Phoenician source
of our modem titles "Brit-on", "Brit-ain" and
" Brit-ish."
[As explaining the various spellings of this name "Barat",
it is to be noted that the interchange of the labials B and P is
a not uncommon dialectic change in all languages, and it is especially
frequent at the present day in the highlands of Scotland and in
Wales. It already occurs to some extent even in Sumerian and in
the Indian Vedas and epics, this particular word "Barat"
is also sometimes spelt Pritu or Prithu and Brihat (as seen in the
heading on p. I) and Brihad). This latter form, whilst thus equating
with the Cymric Welsh "Pryd-ain" for "Brit-on"
also illustrates the further common dialectic interchange of the
dentals t and d, in the spelling of this name. It also shows that
the early pronunciation of this name varied considerably, and that
the i came early into "Brit" or "Briton."]
The Cassi kinsmen of our Cassi Phoenician Briton in Babylonia and
Syria-Phoenicia also used this patronym of Barat freely as a personal
name or title, in the various dialectic forms of Barata, Biriitum,
Paratum, Baruti, Burattu, Burta, Biriidia, Piradi, and Piritum.
![](images/mix/parat.jpg)
FIG.
13 : Phoenician Patronymic titles "Parat" and "Prydi"
or "Prudi" on Phoenician tombstones in Sardinia
The later Phoenicians also, whilst spelling this title "Barat"
on their coins (as we have seen in Fig. 5, p. 9) that is, in its
full orthographic form, also spelt it, I find, with an initial P
as "PRT" thus giving practically the identical form on
the Newton Stone and they also spelt it as "Prydi" or
"Prudi" thus giving the same form as in the Cymric.
Thus, for example, in the old Phoenician grave stones in Sardinia,
an ancient colony of the Phoenicians, I find that, in two out of
a series of eight tombstones, the Phoenician persons are so designated
(see Fig. 13) and that in a script, closely allied to that of the
Newton Stone, but written in the reversed direction with reversed
letters, presumably, as already noted, for the information of a
Semitic population accustomed to read their writing backwards like
the Hebrews.
And it is further significant that the name by which these Phoenicians
call their graves, "Khabr" appears to be essentially the
same as the Gothic term "Kubl" applied in Runic inscriptions
to the funereal barrows of the Goths-the liquid semi-vowels r and
l being freely interchangeable, as in Hal for Harry, coronel for
colonel and the cockney "arf" for "half".
This
Phoenician spelling of the Barat title as PRT, in which the short
vowels are unexpressed, as usual in Phoenician, just as they are
similarly unexpressed in our Newton Stone inscription, and in the
Indo-Aryan, Pali and Sanskrit, and in Hebrew, etc., thus gives a
little variety in its reading. It may read either PaRaT or PaRT
or PRaT, thus giving all the three forms of Parat (the equivalent
of Barat), or Part or Prat, as in the Newton Stone and the equivalent
of "Brit." In regard to this latter form of Prat or Prwt
on the Newton Stone, we shall find later that the famous Ionian
navigating geographer Pytheas who circumnavigated and surveyed Britain
as far as Shetland about the middle of the fourth century B.C.,
that is, about the time of our Newton Stone inscription, also spelt
the name of Britain with an initial P, calling the British Isles
"Pretanikai" and "Pret-anoi" continued to be
the name used by Ptolemy and other Greek writers for Britain and
the Britons.
But, although the later Phoenicians of Cilicia, like those of Sardinia
above-noted, whilst using P for B, in calling their chief city-port
Tarsus, by the name of "Parth-enia" or "Place of
the Parths" their remnant or their Aryanized and Phoenicianized
successors thereabouts, so late as about the third century A.D.,
nevertheless continued to call themselves "Barats" as
seen in their coin here figured. (Fig. 14).
The first of these coins tells us that it was a coin of the "Barats
of Lycaonia," which was the ultramontane portion of Cilicia
to the north of the Taurus, and contained, besides the capital city
of Iconium (the modem Turkish capital Konia, a city which was visited
more than once by St. Paul), also the ancient city of Barata, to
the south of which (at Heraclea, the modem Ivriz), on the ancient
Hittite highway from Ephesus and Troy to Tarsus and the Cilician
Gates of the Taurus, are famous herculean Hittite sculptures and
hieroglyphs, resembling those on Briton coins (see Fig. 62 in Chapter
XXII.). The Lycaonians in the Roman period were still confederated
with their kinsmen of Cilicia. The legend stamped on this coin is
"The Common wealth of the Lycaon Baratas" (Koinon Lukao
Barateons) and the Early Phoenician empire, we shall see later,
was held together as a commonwealth by the confederation of home
and colonial city-states.
![](images/mix/fig14.jpg)
FIG. 14. Coins of Phoenician "Barats"
of Lycaonia, of third century A.D. disclosing their tutelary goddess
"Barati" as "Britannia"
a.
From Barata City. b. From lconium City. Note she has the Sun-Cross
or St George's Red Cross as shield
These
coins, with others of the same type elsewhere, are of immense historical
importance for recovering the lost history of the Britons in Britain
and in their earlier homeland, as they now disclose the hitherto
unknown origin of the modem British marine tutelary "Britannia"
and prove her to be of Hitto-Phoenician origin.
Usually the head only of this goddess is figured on Phoenician coins,
and it is of a fine Aryan and non-Semitic type see for example the
Phoenician "Barat" coin from Carthage (Fig. 5, p. 9),
and Phoenician coins generally. In these coins of Lycaonia the general
resemblance to Britannia will be noticed Britannia hitherto being
supposed to have been first invented by the Early Romans in Britain
in the end century A.D. (see Fig. 15) in practically the identical
form still surviving on our modern British penny.
FIG.
15 : Britannia on Early Roman Coins of Britain. (After Akerman)
a.
Coin of Hadrian (117 - 137 A.D.). b. Coin of Antonine (138 - 161
A.D.)
In
these Barat Lycaonian coins Barati is seated in the pose of Britannia,
in the first upon a rock, and in the second on a chair (of a ship)
amidst the waves, the latter being personified by a semi-submerged
water-nymph, as was the conventional method of representing rivers
and the sea, after the nereid model of the Lycians, in the Roman
art of the period to which this coin belongs. She holds a cornucopia
or horn of plenty and in her right hand, in one of the coins, an
object which may be a sceptre, as is figured in her representation
on many of these coins and in the other she holds the tiller of
a rudder, indicating her marine tutelarship and beside her chair
on board ship is the shield-like Sun Cross or St. George's Cross
within the Sun's disc, designating her to be of the solar cult.
This latter emblem is now seen to be the origin of the shield bearing
the Union Jack which is figured in the modem representations of
Britannia, but which cannot date earlier than the Union of England
and Scotland in 1606 A.D., and was previously presumably the St.
George's Red Cross or the rayed Cross or the rayed Sun itself, as
in these coins. In other coins of Cilicia, Lycaonia, Phoenicia and
other Phoenician colonies she sometimes holds a sceptre or a standard
Cross (see Fig. 16) or a caduceus which latter ensigns of authority
were presumably the source of the Neptune trident now given to her
in her modem British representation. And she sometimes carries a
torch 4 as in the representation of the "Sun-god" Mithra,
the torch of the Sun, which explains the lighthouse figured beside
Britannia on the old pennies.
![](images/mix/fig16.jpg)
FIG.
16 : Phoenician Coin of Barati or Britannia from Sidon (Alter Hill)
Note : She holds a Cross as standard and a rudder
amongst the waves.
This beneficent marine and earth tutelary goddess of Good Fortune
has not usually her name stamped on the coins bearing her effigy,
and has been surmised by modern numismatists to be the late Greek
goddess of Fortune (Tyche), the "Fortuna" of the Romans,
a goddess unknown to Homer and who first appears in Greek classics
in the odes of Pindar (about 490 B.C.). In this regard it is interesting
to note that the first traditional statue of this goddess of Fortune
(or Tyche) is reported to have been made for the people of Smyrna
that is, an ancient Hittite seaport of the AEgean with rock-cut
prehistoric Hittite hieroglyphs in the neighbourhood.
Her proper name is now disclosed by the Vedic hymns of the Eastern
branch of the Aryan Barats to have been Barati, meaning "Belonging
to the Barats". She is also called therein "Brihad-the
Divine" (Brihad-diva) and she seems identical with Pritvi
(Prithvi) or "Mother Earth". Her especial abode was on
the "Saras-vati River" which, I find, was the modem Sarus
River of Cilicia which entered the sea at Tarsus, the "Tarz"
of its own coins (see Figs. later) or Parth-enia, which appears
to have been the first seaport of the Barat homeland.
Sarasvati
River which found as Sarus River of Cilicia is located in Turkey.
Sarus River is now known as Seyhan
River.
![](sarusseyhanriver/turk-riv.gif)
Sarus
/ Seyhan River
In
these Vedic hymns all the attributes of Britannia are accounted
for her tutelarship of the waters and of ships, her lighthouse on
the sea, her Neptune trident (as well as the origin of Neptune himself
and his name) her helmet and shield, her Cross on the shield, as
well as the cornucopia, which she sometimes bears upon the Phoenician
and Greco-Roman coins, taking the place of the corn-stalk on the
Briton coins.
In the Vedic hymns she is called "The great Mother (Mahi)"
and "Holy Lady of the Waters" and is hailed as "First-made
mother" in a hymn to her son "Napat the Son of the Waters"
who has a horse [thus disclosing the remote Aryan origin of the
the name and personality of the old Sea-god, Neptune, and his horses
and accounting for Neptune's trident in her hands].
She is a "Fire-Priestess" and "shows the Light"
[thus accounting for the Lighthouse on the older British coins with
Britannia]. She is personified Fire and sits upon the sacred Fires
[thus accounting for the St. George's Cross which, we shall find
later, symbolizes Fire of the Sun]. She is associated with the twin
horsemen of the Sun (Aswin or Dioscorides) represented on the Briton
coins and coins of Syracuse (an ancient Phoenician
(1. P.D.G., 4, 35.
2.
R.V., 1, 13, 9, etc. Frequently she is triplicated by treating her
two other commoner titles as separate personalities, called her
"sisters" namely the personified Saras-vati River, on
which she specially dwelt, and personified Food or Oil (Ila); but
in other hymns these three are identified as one with her. R.V.,
2, 1, 11, etc.
3. R.V., 2, 355; 3, 56, 5.
4. R.V., 2, 35, 6.
5. R.V., 2. 1, 11.
6.
R.V., 10, 110, 7 - 8.
7.
R.V., 2, 1, 11.
8.
R.V., 2, 31, 4; 10, 59, 9.
9. See, for example, Figs. 61, etc., and E.B.C., PI. G. 2 and 3.)
colony)
etc. She is "Lady of Health" and "The Food bestower"
[thus accounting for the cornucopia and heads of corn on the coins].
She "shelters, protects and aids her Barat votaries" [thus
accounting for the "Saviour" (soter) title of the Greco-Roman
goddess of Fortune], and she "bestows good momings".
She is "slayer of the leviathan brutes (vritra)" [thus
accounting for her warrior's helmet of Hittite pattern and shield]
and she "speeds forth our cars". The name "Fortuna"
by which the Romans called this Barat tutelary goddess of Good Fortune,
"as well as the English word" Fortune" now appear
to be coined from her title of "Barati" the letter F being
interchangeable dialectically with P and B, as we have seen in the
Egyptian "Fenkha" for "Phoenic" and in the Greek
Pyr for Fire and P with B, and its affix una or "one"
is now disclosed to be derived from the Hitto-Sumerian ana ("one"),
thus giving the title of "The one of Barats" (or "Fortune").
The
0 came in dialectically like the w in Prwt on the Newton Stone and
the u in Brut, the name of the first Briton king in the Ancient
British Chronicles, as we shall see later.
"Fortuna" was figured in identical form and symbols with
Barati and Britannia and in the same associations with water".
Further striking positive inscriptional proof of this Bharati title
for the Aryan marine tutelary (Britannia) and also of her Phoenician
origin is now gained from the records of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia,
both of which lands are now disclosed in these pages to have derived
their Civilization from the Aryan Phoenicians.
(1. Coins of Syracuse, Brit. Museum post-cards xxiv, Figs. 1,
2, 7 and 9 and see below, note 6.
2. R.V., 2, 3, 1, 4. as Brihad-the-Divine.
3.
R.V., 1, 22, 11.
4.
R.V., 3, 6, 23.
5.
R.V., 2, 1, 11,
6. R.V., 2, 31, 4.
This
speeding of cars she is said to perform in association with the
Aswins (or Dioscorides), solar horsemen, thus explaining her representations
on the Syracuse coins (see footnote I). as well as figures holding
the rudder, and standing on the prow of ships in the coins.
7. The special temple to Fortuna in Italy was at Praeneste, on a
tributary of the Tiber, not far from where the exiled Trojan AEneas,
the traditional ancestor of the first Briton king, established his
Latin capital.
8. As "Fortuna", inscribed Roman altars to her were found
in the baths on Roman wall at Castlecarry and at Bowes in Yorks
(G. Macdonald Roman Wall, in Scotland, 343,) and there are others
to her as "Britanni" (lb. 329).)
Amongst
the deities of Ancient Egypt is a protective goddess named, "Bairthy,
goddess of the Water" whose name and functions are thus seen
to be precisely those of the Aryan tutelary Barati (or Britannia).
She is one of several deities in the Egyptian pantheon who are called
by Egyptologists "foreign" or imported from Syria and
elsewhere, not withstanding that several of the leading "indigenous
Egyptian" deities, such as the Sun-god Horus, Osiris and Isis
are also admittedly imported, also from "Syria" in certain
traditions and according to Egyptian myth this particular "Goddess
of the Waters" (Bairthy) herself was "the mother"
of the above-cited triad. And under her title, in the inscription
below, as "Goddess of the Waters" she is also of the solar
cult and supports "the Boat of the Sun-god".
She
is represented in art, moreover, by the ancient Egyptians (see Fig.
17) as
a seated queen in the same general form and pose as in the Asia
Minor coins of Barati (Fig. 14, p. 55), and bearing a similar pitcher
on her head (symbolizing the Waters) and holding a long spear like
sceptre and the handled Cross-sceptre, corresponding to the Cross
on the throne of Barati and on the shield of Britannia.
![](images/mix/fig17.jpg)
FIG.
17 : Brit-annia tutelary of Phoenicians in Ancient Egypt as Bairthy.
"The Mother of the Waters" (NUl) or "Naiad"
(After Budge)
Compare
the horns on her head with those of "Barat" on her coin
from Carthage Fig. 5. p. 9
(1.
This is the spelling of the Egyptian hieroglyphs of her name (see
Fig. 18 below) by the generally recognized phonetic transliteration;
but it is rendered "Bairtha" in B.G.E., 2, 281. In the
spelling of her title "Nut" or "Goddess of the Waters"
which appears to be a variant of "Naiad" the determinative
sign for "Sky" is sometimes, as here, omitted see B.G.E.,
2, 108.)
She is further entitled "The Lady Protector of Zapuna, a seaport
city which is usually identified with the "Zephon by the sea"
of the Hebrew Old Testament account of the exodus of the Israelites
from Egypt to the Sinai desert, But this name, usually transliterated
"Zapuna" reads in full in the Egyptian hieroglyph texts
ZA-PUNAQ(m), and thus appears to mean "The Sailings of the
Punaqs (i.e., of the Phoenicians)" (see Fig. 18 for the hieroglyphs
of her name and title).
(1. See f.n. 3.
2. Exod. 14, 2. Near Suez and thus presumably a port of the Phoenicians
who were the chief mariners of the Egyptian coast and Red Sea, and
who in the time of Solomon had two ports in the other northern arm
of the Red Sea (I Kings, 9, 26, etc.) and who still had several
river-port settlements in Egypt so late as the time of Herodotus.
3.
Budge, op. cit. 2, 281 spells it "Tchapuna" by transliterating
the letter Z as Tch, and by omitting the last hieroglyph which has
the value of Qm or Q. This latter sign was used in later times as
a "determinative" (or sign to fix the meaning of a word)
for foreign tribes and cities but "in the Old Kingdom"
its use as a "determinative" was very limited (G.H.52)
and when so used it is not usually used by itself as here, but is
followed by the sign for country or people, neither of which occur
here. Yet even if it be treated as this foreign tribal affix to
the name "Puna" the latter may still represent the Egyptian
Panag or Fenkha or "Phoenician" because the Egyptians
were in the habit of dropping out the final G or Q or Kh of this
name, as seen in their "Bennu" for the "Phcenix"
Sun-bird of the Phoenicians, and the Roman Pun (or "Punic")
for Phoenician and the Egyptians were in the habit as we shall see
of substituting Q for G, K and Kh.
4.
Za= "to travel, to sail" see P.V.H., 731-2 under "Ta"
and B.E.D., 894 under "Tch"
5.
Muller Asien und Europa, 315.
6. In an inscription of Tiglath Pileser II. for which the cuneiform
is cited by B.G.E., 2, 282 with transliteration as "Ba-'-li
Sa-pu-na".)
But
the more important and presumably original city or district of "Za-Puna(q)"
with its temple to its protective tutelary of which the Suez one
appears to have been only a transplanted namesake, was situated
significantly in Northern Phoenicia. This Phoenician place is also
mentioned by an Assyrian king about 950 B.C. under the title of
"The country of Bi-'i-li Za-Bu-na (or Za-pi-na)" designating
it as under the protection of the Lady of Bil or Bel, the Father-god
and Lord of the Sun.
Moreover,
this "Lady Protector [Bairthy] of Za-pu-na [-gu?]" is
invoked by a Babylonian emperor about 680 B.C. as "a Poenician
god across the Sea" to bring down upon the ships of his enemies
at sea an evil wind to destroy them and their riggings that is precisely
the especial function of the Aryan Phoenician Barati.
![](images/mix/fig18.jpg)
FIG.
18 : Egyptian hieroglyphs for the Goddess Bairthy of the Phoenician
sailors
(1. The cuneiform text (see next note) has two signs after na,
the first of which is possibly gu, which would give Za Punagu, wherein
the latter name would be "Phoenicia".
2.
Kuyunjik fragment Brit. Museum Cuneiform Text, No. 3,500, Col. 4,
I. 10. B G.E. 2, 282. The cuneiform word therein rendered "river"
primarily means "Sea".)
Moreover,
the hieroglyph sign employed for spelling this word Za is not the
usual serpent-viper sign, but it is the Fire-drill (see the sign
above the letter z in Fig. 18). This picture sign whilst giving
us the picture of the later developed form of the two sticks of
the Fire-drill for producing the sacred fire by friction for Sun-worship,
in which the lower one is the matrix and the upper one the revolving
stick, which was rapidly rotated between the palms of the operator
until fire resulted appears to be of special Phoenician import,
to designate that land of Bairthy as the Land of Phoenicia, for
the Phoenicians freely used the Fire-drill symbol for the Sun, as
we shall see. Za, spelt by the same signs as in the above (Fig.
18), not only means "to sail, make passage" but also "Fire-drill
or Fire-stick" and this name is also spelt more fully in the
Ancient Egyptian as Zax with the determinative sign for "wood".
Now
this is the literal Sumerian word for Fire-brand (Zax) with the
synonym of Bil (or Gi-Bil The Great Bil or god Bel) and it also
is pictured in Sumerian writing by a Fire-Drill with the revolving
stick in the palm of the hand; thus disclosing again the Sumerian
origin of an ancient Egyptian fundamental cultural word. And Za-hi
was an actual Egyptian title for the whole Phoenician coast and
thus presumably designated it as "The Land of the Fire-cult".
Thus the tutelary Bairthy of the Ancient Egyptians and Assyrio-Babylonians
appears to have been designated by them as "The Warrior Water-goddess
of the Sailor Phoenicians of the Land of the Fire-drill cult".
The significance of this Fire-cult of the Phoenicians for this votive
Sun-monument of the Phoenician Barat at Newton and elsewhere in
Early Britain will appear later.
Besides being the original of Britannia, this Phoenician tutelary
Barati, or Brihad-the-Divine, is now seen to be presumably the Brito-Martis
tutelary goddess of Crete, an island which, we shall see, was early
colonized and civilized by the Phoenicians, who are now disclosed
as authors of the so-called "Minoan" Civilization there.
This goddess Brito-Martis was a Phoenician goddess, according to
the Greco-Roman legends. She was the divine "daughter"
of Phoinix, the Phoenician king of Phoenicia, and was armed like
Diana, with whom she was latterly identified, with weapons for the
chase, as she is also represented on Early Hittite seals and like
the tutelary goddess Parthenos a form also of Diana. She sailed
from Phoenicia to Argos in Southern Greece, with its cyclopean masonry
buildings of Hitto-Phoenician type at its old capital Tiryns.
Thence
she sailed to the adjoining island of Crete, where, pursued by the
unwelcome attention of her admirer, Minos, she escaped by retreating
to the sea-that is to the element of Barati and Britannia and the
Barats. She then sailed to Aegina, an island in the AEgean off Athens,
and disappeared there at the spot where stands the temple of Artemis
or Diana.
The British bearing of this identity of Barati and Brito-Martis
with Diana is, as we shall see later, that the first king of the
Britons had Diana (who bore also the title of "Perathen"
or "Britannia") as his tutelary, and on arrival in Britain
is reported to have erected a temple to Diana on Ludgate Hill (on
the site of the modem St. Paul's) and vestiges of this pre-Christian
Diana temple there have survived.
Indeed this Brito-Martis myth of the martial Barati of the Phoenicians
seems to have been imported also by the Phoenicians with their Sun-cult
into Britain, and to be presumably the source of the old popular
phrase, still floating about in provincial Britain, of "O my
eye and Betty Martin !" This phrase now appears to preserve
possibly an old traditional invocation to the martial tutelary of
the Britons, Barati or Britannia, wherein her name is shortened
into Betty like the Irish "Biddy" for Bridget and couched
in the popular and once common dog-latin form of the invocations
in the Romish Church liturgies : "O mihi Brito-Martis"
if the first part of the sentence does not actually preserve an
invocation to her under her old title of Mahi or "The great
Earth Mother" the Maia of the Greeks and Romans and the goddess
"May" of the British May-pole spring festival.
(1. "Parth-enos" as a title for Diana and Athene appears
to have been coined by the Greeks from that of Barati. It is used
by Homer for a stately young wife (Iliad 2, 514), and for a maid
or virgin (Iliad 22, 127, etc.). A siren rock amid the sea near
Sicily was called "Parth-en-op (S. I, 2, 13) wherein op, we
shall see, was a Hitto-Phoenician affix for a "high" site.
And the Parth-enios River in the Paphlagonian coast of the Euxine
flowing from Midas city with Hittite remains, and inhabited by Trojan
allies, Cauc-ones [Cassi ?] and Heneti or Veneti (S. 543) who accompanied
AEneas in his flight from Troy and the significance of which for
Britain history will appear later, was a traditional abode of Diana
or Parth-etios.)
The
names "Brit-on" and "Brit-ain" and "Brit-ish"
also are derived from this Early Phoenician "Barat" title.
The former two names, we are told in the Ancient British Chronicle,
as seen later, were given to the people and the country by the first
king of the Britons in Britain, after his own patronymic name. The
original form of the name "Brit-on" is now disclosed to
have been "Barat-ana or "Brihad-ana". The affix ana
in Hitto-Sumerian means "one" and is now disclosed as
the primitive Aryan-Sumerian origin of our English word "one"
and of the Scottish "ane" (which latter is seen to preserve
more faithfully the a of the original Sumerian word) as well as
the Sumerian source of the Greek and Roman ethnic affix an or ene.i
Thus "Barat-ana" or "Brihat-ana" modernized
into "Brit-on" means "One of the Barats or Brits".
The earlier form of the name is better preserved in the name Dun-Barton
or "Fort of the Bartons (or Britons)".
We have already seen that it was spelt "Pryd-ain" by the
Cymric Welsh and Pretan-(oi) by the Greeks. But the earlier form
was simply "Barat," in series with the "Prwt"
or Prat of the Newton Stone.
Similarly, "Brit-ain" for the "Land of the Brit"
presumes a like original "Barat-ana" (or Brihat-ana),
having for its affix the same Hitto-Sumerian ana. And this geographic
use is in series with the Indo-Aryan names, Rajput-ana for "Land
of the Rajputs" Gond-wana for "Land of the Gonds, etc.
the Cappadocian Cataonia or "Land of the Catti", and the
old Persian Susi-ana for Land of "Susi" and Airy-ana or
Air-an, the older form of Ir-an or "Land of the Aryas or Aryans"
for Persia.
(1. This Sumerian ana is thus disclosed to be the Hitto-Sumerian
source also of the Latin una "one" Greek oin-os, Gothic
einn, ains, Swede en "one" Sanskrit anu "an atom"
(i.e., the one separate particle) each by each and ani "a pin"
and the written Sumerian sign for this word "one" had
the form of a pin)).
The
Anglo-Saxon vagaries in spelling the name "Britain" well
illustrate the dialectic variations in spelling proper names before
the introduction of printing, and before the influence of the journalistic
press has only relatively recently fixed the spelling of words rigidly
in one stereotyped from an important historical fact whichrequires
always to be borne in mind when dealing with the ancient variations
in spelling the same name :
The Anglo-Saxons spelt the name "Britain" in their documents
never as "Britain" but Bryten, Bryton, Breoton, Breoten,
Breten, Broten, Brittan, Britten, Britton and Brytten.
His further title of "Gy-aolownie" or "Gi-oln "
requires a separate chapter to itself, as it discloses the identity
of the Phoenician author of these inscriptions, Prwt or Prat with
the traditional "Part-olon king of the Scots" of the fourth
century B.C., of the Ancient British Chronicles and the legends
of the Irish Scots.